Study on landscape pattern changes in islands under stress of rapid urbanization

以厦门岛为例,通过一般景观格局分析指标和特殊景观格局分析指标,研究城市化进程中海岛生态景观格局的变化以及人工景观对自然景观的胁迫作用。结果显示:从1987年至2004年,人工景观对自然景观的胁迫作用迅速增加;厦门岛建成区占海岛面积的比例迅速增长,而斑块数量明显减少;厦门岛景观多样性迅速下降,同时破碎度指数和优势度迅速提高;受到海岸带开发活动影响,海岛岸线趋向平滑,海岛形状逐步趋向圆形;厦门岛人工景观对自然景观的胁迫程度逐步升高,城市化侵蚀指数也快速提高。Several common and special landscape indices were used to analyze the landscape pattern changes of Xiamen islands and the stress of artificial landscape to the natural landscapes during urbanization process.The results showed that the landscape pattern of Xiamen islands was altered observably and the stress of the artificial landscape to natural landscape were increased rapidly.The ratio of urban land area to the total islands area was increased and the number of the patches was decreased.The landscape diversity was decreased,meanwhile the landscape fragmentation and dominance were increased respectively.Because of the coastal reclamation,the island's coastal line tended to be simple and smooth,and the shape closed to a circle.The stress of the urban land to natural landscapes was aggravated with the urbanization invasion index increase.国家自然科学基金资助项目(40701059);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX2-YW-422-1);青年人才领域前沿项目(07l4081d10

Human-induced disturbance on the understory plant diversity of urban forest:a case study of Xiamen

以厦门城市森林林下层植被为研究对象,重点研究台湾相思群落中林下灌草层植物多样性与土地利用类型、人为干扰程度之间的相关性;选用基于重要值的4种多样性指数,比较不同邻接用地类型城市森林群落多样性的差异;运用主成分分析、CCA排序以及多元回归等方法对城市森林灌草层植物多样性格局进行解释。结果表明:人为踩踏、垃圾堆积程度、人为挖掘、可到达容易程度等因子对厦门城市森林灌草层植物多样性分布格局有重要影响;厦门城市森林群落草本层β多样性沿着邻接商业用地、交通用地、工业用地、居住用地的方向逐渐增加,而灌木层β多样性沿着该环境梯度的方向却逐渐降低。This study is aimed at understanding anthropogenic impact on the understory plant diversity around the municipal area of Xiamen in Fujian Province,SE China.Four indexes were employed to differentiate the diversity of urban forests adjacent to different land use types.Principle Component Analysis(PCA)and Canonical Correspondence Analusis(CCA)methods were applied in our study.The results showed that human trample,dustheap,digging,accessibility and other factors have great influence on the understory plant diversity.Herb β diversity of urban forest increased along the land use gradient from commercial,transportation,industrial to residential,while shrub β diversity decreased gradually along this environment gradient.中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向资助项目(KZCX2-YW-422);厦门市科技计划资助项目(3502Z20072002);中国科学院知识创新工程青年人才领域前沿资助项

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

CO_2电催化还原制烃类产物的研究进展

应用可再生能源驱动CO2电催化还原制备燃料,是目前清洁能源发展最具前景的方向之一。本文综述了以气态烃类（CH4、C2H4）为目标产物的CO2电催化还原的研究进展,分别介绍了电催化材料、电解质溶液以及反应机理的研究现状。指出在水溶液电解质中,电催化材料需兼具烃类产物的高选择性与电化学析氢反应的抑制能力,Cu与Cu基材料是电催化材料的首选,Cu的氧化物由于其丰富的结构特征拓宽了电催化材料优选范围。水溶液电解质的性质会显著影响CO2电催化还原产物的选择性;非水溶液或痕水溶液电解质由于可以显著抑制析氢反应,将会进一步拓宽电催化材料的优选范围。最后介绍了CO2电催化还原机理研究的现状,指出原位电化学谱学方法的应用与CO2电催化还原机理模型研究工作的开展,将成为人们深入认识以烃类为目标产物的CO2电催化还原反应的关键,并有利于指导电催化材料与电解质材料的研究开发

Sub-Nanogram Resolution Measurement of Inertial Mass and Density Using Magnetic-Field-Guided Bubble Microthruster

Artificial micro/nanomotors using active particles hold vast potential in applications such as drug delivery and microfabrication. However, upgrading them to micro/nanorobots capable of performing precise tasks with sophisticated functions remains challenging. Bubble microthruster (BMT) is introduced, a variation of the bubble-driven microrobot, which focuses the energy from a collapsing microbubble to create an inertial impact on nearby target microparticles. Utilizing ultra-high-speed imaging, the microparticle mass and density is determined with sub-nanogram resolution based on the relaxation time characterizing the microparticle's transient response. Master curves of the BMT method are shown to be dependent on the viscosity of the solution. The BMT, controlled by a gamepad with magnetic-field guidance, precisely manipulates target microparticles, including bioparticles. Validation involves measuring the polystyrene microparticle mass and hollow glass microsphere density, and assessing the mouse embryo mass densities. The BMT technique presents a promising chip-free, real-time, highly maneuverable strategy that integrates bubble microrobot-based manipulation with precise bioparticle mass and density detection, which can facilitate microscale bioparticle characterizations such as embryo growth monitoring. This work demonstrates a substantial progress of using swimming microrobots to perform precise tasks with sophisticated functions. This magnetic-field-guided bubble microthruster technique presents a promising chip-free, real-time, highly maneuverable strategy that integrates bubble microrobot-based manipulation with precise bioparticle mass and density detection with sub-nanogram resolution. This technique can facilitate microscale bioparticle characterizations such as embryo growth monitoring. imag

种植于人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林的肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征/Characteristics of Individual Mass of Cistanche Deserticola Inoculated in Artificial Haloxylon ammodendron Forest in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert[J]

为掌握人工种植条件下肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地咸水滴灌人工梭梭林内,采用统一的开沟、撒种接种方式,对不同林龄、不同深度接种肉苁蓉以及造林当年接种连年采收肉苁蓉的质量进行了调查和分析.结果表明:(1)所有样地出土肉苁蓉个体间质量差异大,分布离散程度高.(2)接种时林龄越大,出土肉苁蓉个体平均质量、质量品质较好的比率以及质量分布离散程度都越高;不同林龄间肉苁蓉个体质量有极显著差异.造林当年接种、连年出土肉苁蓉个体质量的特征与不同林龄的相似,但质量品质较好的比率相对较低.(3)在40～120 cm深度,随种植深度增加,出土2年生以上肉苁蓉个体的数量以及质量品质较好的比率总体呈现增加趋势,并可以分为3个层面:40 cm、50～80 cm、100～120 cm.其中40 cm深度质量指标明显较低,其他深度间没有表现出明显的差异和规律,100～120 cm深度的肉苁蓉个体相对细长、品相差