The Supreme Court Confirmation Process and Its Implications

In recent history, there has been a trend of increasing partisan polarization throughout most of the American political system. Some of the impacts of this polarization are obvious; however, there is reason to believe that we miss some of the indirect effects of polarization. Accompanying the trend of increased polarization has been an increase in the contentiousness of the Supreme Court confirmation process. I believe that these two trends are related. Furthermore, I argue that these trends have an impact on judicial behavior. This is an issue worth exploring, since the Supreme Court is the most isolated branch of the federal government. The Constitution structured the Supreme Court to ensure that it was as isolated as possible from short-term political pressures and interests. This study attempts to show how it may be possible that those goals are no longer being fully achieved. My first hypothesis in this study is that increases in partisan polarization are a direct cause of the increase in the level of contention during the confirmation process. I then hypothesize that the more contention a justice faces during his or her confirmation process, the more ideologically extreme that justice will then vote on the bench. This means that a nominee appointed by a Republican president will tend to vote even more conservatively than was anticipated following a contentious confirmation process, and vice versa for Democratic appointees. In order to test these hypotheses, I developed a data set for every Supreme Court nominee dating back to President Franklin D. Roosevelt¿s appointments (1937). With this data set, I ran a series of regression models to analyze these relationships. Statistically speaking, the results support my first hypothesis in a fairly robust manner. My regression results for my second hypothesis indicate that the trend I am looking for is present for Republican nominees. For Democratic nominees, the impacts are less robust. Nonetheless, as the results will show, contention during the confirmation process does seem to have some impact on judicial behavior. Following my quantitative analysis, I analyze a series of case studies. These case studies serve to provide tangible examples of these statistical trends as well as to explore what else may be going on during the confirmation process and subsequent judicial decision-making. I use Justices Stevens, Rehnquist, and Alito as the subjects for these case studies. These cases will show that the trends described above do seem to be identifiable at the level of an individual case. These studies further help to indicate other potential impacts on judicial behavior. For example, following Justice Rehnquist¿s move from Associate to Chief Justice, we see a marked change in his behavior. Overall, this study serves as a means of analyzing some of the more indirect impacts of partisan polarization in modern politics. Further, the study offers a means of exploring some of the possible constraints (both conscious and subconscious) that Supreme Court justices may feel while they decide how to cast a vote in a particular case. Given the wide-reaching implications of Supreme Court decisions, it is important to try to grasp a full view of how these decisions are made

Effect of Tetrachloroethylene on Sphalerite Leaching

The effects of tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) on sphalerite leaching in FeCl3-HCl were investigated in view of simultaneous mass transfer and reaction, and the leaching models with and without organic solvent C2Cl4 were derived. The leaching experiments and the SEM results show that C2Cl4 is an effective organic solvent for sphalerite leaching in FeCl3-HCl system to be accelerated and for the sulfur to be separated. Adding C2Cl4 in the FeCl3-HCl medium will turn the kinetic model controlled by sulfur layer diffusion with process activation energy of 67.9 kJ/mol into mixed diffusion with the energy reduced to 55.1 kJ/mol when 20 ml of C2Cl4 was added

H_2SO_4-HNO_3体系中锌精矿浸出与四氯乙烯萃硫的耦合

研究锌精矿在H2 SO4 HNO3体系中浸出与四氯乙烯萃取硫磺的耦合过程。考察了浸出时间、四氯乙烯的加入对锌浸出的影响。结果表明 ,在 85℃ ,氧气压力 0 1MPa ,H2 SO4 浓度 1 8mol/L ,HNO3浓度 0 2mol/L条件下 ,加入 2 0mL四氯乙烯萃取硫磺时 ,锌浸出率在 3h内达到 99 7% ,与常规浸出相比 ,浸出时间缩短了 5 0 % ,耦合效果明显

H2SO4-HNO3体系中锌精矿浸出与四氯乙烯萃硫的耦合

研究锌精矿在H2SO4-HNO3体系中浸出与四氯乙烯萃取硫磺的耦合过程。考察了浸出时间、四氯乙烯的加入对锌浸出的影响。结果表明，在85℃，氧气压力0．1MPa，H2SO4浓度1．8mol／L，HNO3浓度0．2mol／L条件下，加入20mL四氯乙烯萃取硫磺时，锌浸出率在3h内达到99．7％，与常规浸出相比，浸出时间缩短了50％，耦合效果明显

H2SO4-HNO3体系中锌精矿浸出与四氯乙烯萃硫的耦合

研究锌精矿在H2SO4-HNO3体系中浸出与四氯乙烯萃取硫磺的耦合过程。考察了浸出时间、四氯乙烯的加入对锌浸出的影响。结果表明，在85℃，氧气压力0．1MPa，H2SO4浓度1．8mol／L，HNO3浓度0．2mol／L条件下，加入20mL四氯乙烯萃取硫磺时，锌浸出率在3h内达到99．7％，与常规浸出相比，浸出时间缩短了50％，耦合效果明显

载铁环烷酸-异辛醇-煤油体系异相水热反萃

Some factors effected on heterogeneous hydrothermal stripping from iron-loaded organic phase of naphthenic acid-isooctyl alcohol-kerosene, such as the concentrations of initial iron and naphthenic acid, the weight of "seed" of Fe2O3, temperature and time, were investigated. The process rate equation and the relation between stripping percent and time needed were established. The results showed the proces activation energy was 114 kJ·mol^-1 and the heterogeneous hydrothermal stripping was controlled by the hydrolysis of naphthenic compound of iron

闪锌矿氧化浸出与协同萃取分离耦合研究

提出了闪锌矿在H2SO4-HNO2-O2中的氧化浸出与以四氯乙烯和磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯组成的协同萃取3剂和表面活性剂的分离耦合操作模式。实验在自制的50mL不锈钢反应釜中进行。优化的工艺条件为：1．8moL／LH2SO4+0．2mol／LHNO3+0．1MPaO2+6mLC2Cl4+4mL P20d，表面活性剂用量为约1.2g／L。用冰水冷却有机相获得高质量的硫，然后反萃有机相得到纳米Fe2O3粉末。混合有机相可以循环使用。结果表明：与普通浸出相比，耦合浸出的锌浸出率提高了近26％，并能够在同一装置中实现锌、硫和铁的分离

Studies of Heterogeneous Hydrothermal Stripping from Iron—loaded Naphthenic Acid—Alcohol—Kerosen

The technique of hydrothermal stripping from mixed aqueous-organic systems is a promising method for synthexizing oxide ceramic powdcrs for high-performance applications.Some factors influcncing heterogeneous hydrothermal stripping with water from iron-loaded organic phase of naphthenic acid-isooctyl alcohol-kerosenc,such as initial concentrations of iron and naphthenic acid,concentration of Fe2O3“seed”,temperature and time,were investigated.Baseed on the experimental results,the rate equation was established.Nano-ferric oxide powders were obtained by the technique of hydrothermal stripping from the iron-loaded organic phase.The results suggest that the heterogeneous hydrothermal stripping proceeds in 3 steps:adsorption of naphthenic acid dimers and naphthenic complex of iron onto the surface of “seed”,hydrolysis of adsorbed complex of iron,and condensation of hydrolyzed complex.The process activation energy is 115kJ/mol and the heterogeneous hydrothermal stripping is controlled by a chemical reaction(the hydrolysis of naphthenic complex of iron)

H2SO4-HNO3体系中锌精矿浸出与四氯乙烯萃硫的耦合

研究锌精矿在H2SO4-HNO3体系中浸出与四氯乙烯萃取硫磺的耦合过程。考察了浸出时间、四氯乙烯的加入对锌浸出的影响。结果表明，在85℃，氧气压力0．1MPa，H2SO4浓度1．8mol／L，HNO3浓度0．2mol／L条件下，加入20mL四氯乙烯萃取硫磺时，锌浸出率在3h内达到99．7％，与常规浸出相比，浸出时间缩短了50％，耦合效果明显

载铁环烷酸水热反萃过程的研究

利用水热反萃的方法从栽铁有机相中制备超细氧化铁粉末国内外文献还鲜见报道。分析了萃铁有机相的热稳定性以及有机相中铁浓度，自由环烷酸浓度，反应温度和晶种引入对水热反萃率的影响。由初速率方法求出反应活化能为94kJ／mol，表明水热反萃过程为化学反应控制