Calculating the Risk of Significant Wave Height along the Coast of Japan based on Typhoon Track-Ensenble Simulations

The maximum waves caused by Typhoons Vera (1959) and Trami (2018) were examined using a JMA wave model, and by simulations based on a meteorological model. The typhoon track ensemble simulation demonstrated that the maximum wave was dependent on perturbation of the typhoon track along the entire coast of the Japanese islands. Although these values may differ for other typhoons and sampling points, it is important to estimate the maximum waves and worst-case courses at all coastal areas because this will provide important information enabling effective disaster prevention and risk management

熟期，品種および切断長の異なるイネホールクロップサイレージを給与したウシの栄養素の利用性，第一胃内発酵および咀嚼時間

Three experiments were conducted using non-pregnant dry cows to evaluate feed characteristics of whole crop rice silages (WCRS) by making digestible and metabolism trials, examining ruminal liquor characteristics, and monitoring chewing behavior. We examined grain filling (milk ripe stage, dough ripe stage, and yellow ripe stage) of WCRS in the first experiment, varieties (Hamasari, Kusahonami, Hoshiaoba, and Kusayutaka) using WCRS harvested at the yellow ripe stage in the second experiment, and cutting lengths (LONG and SHORT) using WCRS harvested at the yellow ripe stage in the third experiment. With grain filling, WCRS lose digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and chewing time per kg of dry matter (DM) intake, whereas the digestible nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC) content of WCRS increased. There was a tendency for total digestible nutrients (TDN) content to increase with grain filling. Kusahonami, Hoshiaoba, and Kusayutaka have higher TDN contents and shorter chewing time than those of Hamasari. Hoshiaoba and Kusayutaka also have higher digestible NFC content, whereas Kusahonami has higher digestible NDF content and shorter chewing time per kg NDF intake, indicating a higher amount of available fiber. WCRS with a long cutting length has higher digestible NFC content, but there was no difference in TDN content between long and short cutting lengths. There was no remarkable difference in ruminal liquor characteristics of the cows fed WCRS, but the ruminal fermentation typically represented forage-type fermentation. These results indicate that WCRS had almost the same nutritive values in terms of varieties and cutting length at the yellow ripe stage in this study.体重600kg 程度のホルスタイン種非妊娠乾乳牛にイネホールクロップサイレージを給与した場合の栄養素の利用性, ルーメン発酵, 咀嚼行動に及ぼす熟期（はまさり；乳熟期, 糊熟期, 黄熟期）, 品種（黄熟期；はまさり, クサホナミ, ホシアオバ, クサユタカ）, および収穫機械の違いによる切断長（黄熟期, モミロマン）の影響について検討するため3 回の試験を実施した. すべてのイネホールクロップサイレージは飼料専用品種のイネであり, 専用の収穫機にてロールベールラップサイレージに収穫調製したものを用いた. ウシに給与する際には, 尿素あるいは大豆粕を併給して粗タンパク質含量を補い, ウシの維持要求量を充足する程度を給与した. 　その結果, 登熟に伴い, 可消化非繊維性炭水化物（NFC）含量が増加し, 可消化中性デタージェント繊維（NDF）含量は低下した. 可消化養分総量（TDN）は, 有意な差はなかったが, 登熟に伴い高くなる傾向にあった. また乾物摂取量あたりの咀嚼時間（粗飼料価指数；RVI）は, 登熟に伴い有意に短くなったが, NDF 摂取量あたりの咀嚼時間には差はなかった. 4 品種のうち, はまさりは他に比べて可消化NFC 含量およびTDN が低かった. クサホナミ, ホシアオバ, クサユタカのTDN に有意な差はなかったが, ホシアオバとクサユタカは可消化NFC 含量が高く, クサホナミは可消化NDF 含量が高かった. RVI ははまさりが一番高く, その他の品種間には差はなかったが, NDF 摂取量あたりの咀嚼時間はクサホナミが一番短かった. 切断長が長い場合, 可消化NFC 含量は高くなったが, TDN には有意な差はなかった. 切断長の違いによる咀嚼時間の差は認められなかった. ルーメン液性状には登熟, 品種および切断長による顕著な影響は見られなかった. 　以上のことから, 本実験で用いたイネホールクロップサイレージのTDN 含量はおおよそ同程度であった. またTDN の改善のためには可消化NFC 含量が高くなることが重要と考えられた. 但し, クサホナミは高消化繊維を多く含むことが示された. ルーメン発酵はいずれの処理においても大きな差はなく, 粗飼料を給与した場合の典型的な発酵を示した. 咀嚼時間には切断長の影響は見られず, 品種の違いによる繊維含量や繊維の質が咀嚼時間に影響を及ぼした

Seismic Exploration Using Active Sources at Kuchierabujima Volcano, Southwest Japan

Seismic exploration using artificial sources was conducted at Kuchierabujima volcano, southwest Japan in November 2004 by 40 participants from 9 national universities andJapan Meteorological Agency to investigate the subsurface seismic structure. The exploration was the 11th joint experiment under the National Project for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions. A total of 183 temporal stations equippedwith a 2 Hz vertical component seismometer (including 75 3component seismometers) and a portable data logger were deployed on Kuchierabu Island. Dynamite shots with charges of 10-115 kg were detonated at 19 locations, and seismic signals were successfully recorded. To reveal the P-wave velocity structure, 2955 arrival times of the first motion were picked from the seismograms, and 2187 were classified into ranks A and B. From the record sections and the arrival time data, characteristics reflecting the geological structure were identified. Refracted waves of 5 km/s were observed at stations＞5km from the shot points. Apparent velocities near the shot points depend on the surface geology around the shots. P-wave arrived earlier at stations near the summits. Strongly scattered waves were observed similarly near the summits