[論文] 近畿地方南部地域における弥生時代中期から後期への移行過程の検討

弥生時代中期から後期への社会的・文化的変化は，弥生時代における最大の画期と目され，その主因を巡って，政治・経済・環境などさまざまな観点に基づく仮説が提示されてきたが，諸説の総合にはいまだ至っていない。そこで，近畿地方南部地域を中心とした広域的範囲において，共通する基準に基づく基礎的検討を加えて当該期の社会変化の鮮明化を図るとともに，その内容や背景について，地域間交流や近年急速に進展した古気候研究の成果を含む環境変化等の広域的視野を加えて総合的に考察することを試みた。具体的な検討対象として，土器と集落を取り上げた。土器については，編年や併行関係の検討とともに，系統的な視点に基づく様式構造の把握を試みた。それによって，遠隔地間交流の活発化や地域間関係の変化，生駒西麓系土器の広域的な伝播などを明らかにした。これらを踏まえて，後期前葉の土器様式の展開は広域的な連動性を有し，かつ多元的，多核的なものであったと考えた。集落の検討では，中期と後期の移行期における集落の断絶や，後期前葉の集落数減少と集落分布密度の低下，集落の高所立地傾向を広く確認できたが，集落差の存在も明らかになった。こうした点は，中期から後期への移行期の社会変化が広域的な連動性とともに地域性を有したことと，社会変化の諸要因に対して地域ごとに柔軟な適応行動がなされたことを示唆する。以上の検討結果を基に，当該期の考古資料の変化は，地域間交流の活発化と集団間関係の再編および社会的緊張の高まりといった事象を反映したものであり，当該期に生じた広汎な人口減少がその要因となった可能性を指摘した。さらに，これを踏まえた試論として，暦年代や木材年輪セルロース酸素同位体比にかかる研究成果との対比を行い，弥生時代中期後葉の湿潤化によって生じた食糧生産量の変化と人口変動を契機として，長期的・継続的に社会変化が進行したという見通しを示した。The social and cultural changes from the middle to the late Yayoi period are considered to be the most significant milestone in the Yayoi period. Hypotheses based on various perspectives such as politics, economy, and environment have been presented as to the cause of the change. However, a leading hypothesis has not yet been put forward. Therefore, we conducted a basic study with common standards in multiple regions in the southern part of the Kinki region and tried to clarify the social changes during the period. Then, the content and background of the change were comprehensively considered by elucidating interregional exchanges and environmental changes.The main objects to be examined are pottery and villages. Regarding pottery, we examined the chronology and the parallel relationship and tried to systematically grasp the stylistic structure. In doing so, it was clarified that the exchange between remote areas became active, the relationship between regions changed, and the widespread transmission of pottery from the west foot area of Mt. Ikoma. From these facts, it was considered that the change of the pottery style in the initial phase of the late Yayoi period was linked to a wide area and had multiple centres. In the investigation of the settlements, it was confirmed in a wide area that the settlements were disrupted during the transition period from the middle to the late Yayoi period, the number and the distribution density of the settlements decreased in the latest phase of the late Yayoi period, and the settlements tended to be located in high places. On the other hand, there were differences in these trends between settlements. These points indicate that social changes during the transition period from the middle to the late Yayoi period were widely linked besides regional differences and that multiple factors which change society were flexibly adapted in each region.Based on the above investigation results, we clarified that the changes in pottery and settlements during the transition period from the middle to the late Yayoi period reflect the activation of interregional exchanges and the reorganization of intergroup relations, and the rise of social tension. Also, we pointed out that the population decline during that period may be the cause. Then, based on the comparison with the research results on the chronology and paleoclimatic reconstruction using tree-ring oxygen isotopic ratios, we considered that long-term and continuous social transformation was triggered by fluctuation in food production and population changes due to increasing rainfall in the latter half of the middle Yayoi period

<Articles>Building the Fujiwara Capital : An Archaeological Analysis Reconstructing the City Plan (Special Issue : CITY)

奈良文化財研究所、奈良県立橿原考古学研究所、橿原市教育委員会、桜井市教育委員会、明日香村教育委員会は、宮を含め藤原京で発掘調査をおこなっている。発掘調査によって、宮や京のより確かな姿が明らかになってきた。本稿では、最近の発掘調査成果を紹介し、藤原京に関する遺構解釈の一例を提示した。解釈の方針は、発掘調査成果を文献記録に対照させてもし整合すれば、その対応関係を認めるというものである。藤原宮・京ではこれまでに二時期の条坊遺構が発見されている。第一次条坊は宮東北部にとどまっており、第二次条坊は宮・京全域におよんでいる。宮造営のために掘られた運河から出土した遺物をめぐる研究を紹介し、これらの成果を合わせて、第一次条坊は『日本書紀』天武五年目記録する造都の企画とその中断の記事に、第二次条坊は天武十一年に開始した造都に、それぞれ対応するとする考えを支持した。さらに藤原京で条坊施工が迅速に進んだ理由を、既存の水田域を活用したことにあったと推定した。The archaeological site of the Fujiwara Capital has long been investigated by several organizations including the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, the Educational Board of Kashihara City, the Educational Board of Sakurai City, and the Educational Board of Asuka Village. The archaeological investigations have uncovered new details about the ancient city and palace. This paper provides the latest findings from recent archaeological research and an archaeological analysis to help understanding the building process of the Fujiwara Capital and its palace. In this study, I examined not only archaeological data but also associated historical materials, and accepted evidence that proved consistent with either interpretation. Archaeological investigations have revealed that there were features that indicate the existence of a city grid from two different periods in the sites of the Fujiwara Capital and palace. The features of an earlier city grid disappear at the area in the northwest part of the palace site, whereas the features of a later city grid extend over all parts of the palace and capital site. Additionally, I examined artifacts recovered from the remains of a canal that had been dug for construction of the palace. The study provides further evidence of a theory that the earlier city grid is associated with the historical event of planning and halt of the capital construction in Tenmu 5 (AD 676) described in Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), and the later city grid is associated with the historical event of restarting the capital construction in Tenmu 11(AD 682). Archaeological excavations revealed that the layout of the city and the palace was planned and constructed as a unit in the context of the later city grid. The center of the capital was positioned at the intersection of Suzaku Oji (the central avenue) and Gojo Oji (fifth street). The excavation conducted at the location of the center of the capital was carried out during the 148th investigation, and it revealed that the position of the center approximately corresponded to the middle of the South Gate of the Imperial Audience Hall Compound. The South Gate was a pivotal building of the palace, positioned approximately 80 meters south of the Imperial Audience Hall, and located at the junction of the Imperial Audience Hall Compound and the State Halls Compound. The palace area was in a rectangle surrounded by the Great Walls measuring 907 meters in the north-south direction and 925 meters in the east-west direction. The outer gates were positioned leading to the streets and avenues, kanji and oji. Moats were excavated outside the Great Wall. The palace area was surrounded by vacant spaces 70 to 80 meters in width, positioned outside the moats. The streets and avenues were set adjacent to the vacant spaces. The streets and avenues or oji (wide arteries) were set at intervals of 1 ri (equal to 530 meters). The roads of kanji (middle ways) were set in the middle (running parallel and in the midst of each pair) of oji, and the roads of koji (narrow lanes) were set in the middle of oji and kanji. These wide, middle and narrow streets and avenues formed a city grid in the shape of a square measuring 10 ri (equal to 5.3 kilometers) on a side. Some roads were connected to existing ancient roads outside of the capital, such as the Sanjo Oji (third avenue) leading to Yoko Oji, the Higashi Nibo Oji (eastern second avenue) leading to Nakatsu-michi, and Nishi Nibo Oji (western second avenue) leading to Shimotsu-michi. The Fujiwara Capital was a geometrically designed artificial city in which the palace was positioned at the center from which the city area stretched outward in concentric square pattern. Emperor Jito moved the imperial residence from the Asuka Kiyomihara Palace to the Fujiwara Palace on the 6th day of the twelfth month the year corresponding to 694. This was a revolutionary event in the urban history of Japan, since the Fujiwara Capital was the first example of a planned city involving an imperial palace. The emergence of the Fujiwara Capital changed the traditional setting of palace and city, and served as a model for subsequent capitals in this country. Furthermore, this study suggests that the construction of this unprecedented capital and the setting of the city grid were achieved rapidly in order to make use of the grid that had been used for paddy fields