(農業試驗所特刊第208號)嘉義農業試驗分所百年研究成果1918-2018

曾幾何時，讓老一輩勾起「番薯籤」窮苦回憶的甘藷，如今搖身一變成為平價又養生的國民美食，不僅是連鎖便利商店的暢銷商品，加工品還可外銷國際。甘藷品種能夠「麻雀變鳳凰」，滿足民眾吃得飽、吃得好與吃出樂趣的要求，全賴本所嘉義農業試驗分所歷任育種人員以務實態度持續推陳出新，發揚成果與經驗傳承。 嘉義分所今(2018)年適逢創立一百周年。回顧自1918年7月21日成立至今，無論是水稻、雜糧、果樹的育種、栽培、加工及病蟲害等領域，均可見前人扎下深厚基礎，讓後進能夠賡續，使研發成果能有效解決問題，創新價值。 值此慶祝嘉義分所百周年之際，展望未來，希冀分所之研究，能成為農業相關技術之領航者外，配合政府施政方針，能建構全方位解決產業問題之能力，並與所內其他單位跨域合作，實際解決農業經營所面臨的挑戰，做農友及相關業者的堅強後盾。本專刊也希望以深入淺出的方式，讓外界認識百年來嘉義分所對臺灣農業發展的貢獻，並立下未來開創新局的使命

以電腦建構模型作為學習工具

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Moodle協同寫作活動應用於科技概念教學之模式探討

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以科技專案學習統整科技經驗

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善用數位科技促進有意義的學習

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Variation of Colletotrichum musae in Taiwan

自台灣中南部採集香蕉炭疽病罹病果組織分離，經組織分離而得66株香蕉炭疽病菌單胞菌株，依其在PDA培養基上斜面培養之外部性狀，可區分成三群。A群菌落呈鮮橙色、菌絲為白色而稀疏、分生胞子堆橙色而濃密，佔66株之53.03%；B群菌落表面桃色、菌絲灰白色而稀疏、分生胞子堆較少，有黑色菌核，佔28.79%；C群則外觀灰黑色、菌絲灰色，有橙紅色較大但稀少的分生胞子堆，亦可產生菌核，佔18.18％。A及C群極穩定，B群則在大量單胞分離時偶有轉變成A或C群。以菌體之蛋白質作電泳分離，無法藉總蛋白質及脂醃圖譜作A、B、C三群分別之佐證。三群代表菌株對不同養分需求、酸鹼度和溫度條件下之營養生長及產胞量無顯著差異，但是B及C群對蕉果之病原性較A群為強。 Based on the fungus grown on PDA at 25℃ in the dark, 66 isolates of Colletotrichum musae obtained from banana fruit in Taiwan were divided into three groups, designated as A, B, and C Group A is characterized by orange colony with white scant mycelium and dense orange conidial ooze; group B is by pink colony with palegrey mycelium, scant orange conidial ooze and scierotia appeared; group C is by greyblack colony with grey mycelium, scant orange conidial ooze and scierotia appeared. The cultural characters of the three groups were very stable except group B which may slightly vary when 50-100 single spore isolates descended from the same parent were grown on PDA. However, these three groups were not able to be distinguished clearly with the patterns of soluble protein and esterase isoenzyme, Similar responses to the cultural media, temperature and pH were found among these three groups. Compared with group A, group B and C were more virulent to banana fruit

The nutrient effect on the appressorla behavior and latent Infection of Colletotrichum musae

香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum musae)在青香蕉或是熟香蕉果皮上之分生胞子發芽率與附著器形成率並無差異；接種傷口會促進分生胞子發芽但抑制附著器之形成。在添加10,000ppm單寧的PDA平板上，分生胞子發芽後不長發芽管而直接形成附著器，此附著器在乾燥下可存活六十天並保有活力。香蕉表面分泌物濃度在催熟後第五天開始增加，至第八天時醣類濃度為未催熟青香蕉之六倍，至第十天時暴增為八十五倍，而蛋白質濃度則增為十二倍，分生胞子在此濃度相當之葡萄糖及asparagine中幾乎完全發芽並生長良好，不形成附著器，而催熟九天後之滲漏養分則只能使分生胞子發芽並形成附著器。以蒸餾水沖洗黃熟香蕉上接種部位，會延遲病斑之出現。 There are no differences between the rates of conidial germination and appressorial formation of Colietotrichum musae on the green banana peel and on the ripen banana. Wounding might enhance the conidial germination and the mycelial growth on the banana peel but inhibit the formation of appressoria. Appressoria formed from conidia directly with no germ tube on the PDA amended with 10,000 ppm tannin. Appressoria were capable of with standing high concentration of 10,000 ppm tannin and dryness for more than 60 days. The leachates from banana markedly increased 10 days after ripening, carbohydrates increased 85 times and the proteins increased 12 times Using the glucose and asparagine to replace carbohydrate and protein, respectively, in the leachate of banana peel, results showed that low concentration of nutrient leachated from the banana peel 9 days after ripening only stimulated conidial germination and appressorial formation but not mycelial growth on the millipore membrane placed on the agarose plate, but high concentration of nutrient leachated from the banana peel 10 days after ripening was capable of enhancing mycelial growth and inhibiting appressorial formation. Dripping to remove leachates from the surface of banana peel might also delay infection

Effect of hot water treatment for controlling anthracnose of mango fruits of Tainung No.1 variety

以不同溫度熱水處理生長在玻璃紙上的芒果炭疽病菌五分鐘，發現在49℃以上即能完全抑制其再生長之能力。臺農一號芒果果實以53℃溫水處理5分鐘後，取出降溫、催熟一天，置於28℃/RH 85％之生長箱中觀查發病狀況，三次重複試驗結果皆極穩定。處理後四天，每果實出現不超過三個病斑者，三次試驗之處理組分別為90％、100％、96.7%，而未處理者分別為34.5％、5％、43.3%；果實完全無病斑者，處理組分別為56.7％、85％、86.7%，未處理者分別為24.1％、0％、23.3％。處理後7天時，未超過三個病斑之果實三次試驗之處理者分別為53.3％、85％、63.3%，而對照組三次皆為0%；果實完全無病斑者，處理組分別為40％、25％和6.7%，但對照者皆為0％。處理七天後，對照組每果實之平均病斑數為23.4、26.7及15.2個，而處理組則分別為2.7、2.2及5.3個。溫水處理後果實外表無劣化；第三次試驗在第十二天後所測醣度，處理及對照分別為25.3及22.2brix。 Appressoria of Coiletotrichum gloeosporioides formed on cellophane were dipped into hot water with different temperature for 5 minutes. The ability of fungal regrowth on acidified PDA was completely inhibited by the hot water treatment with temperature higher than 49℃. The fruits of mango Tainung No.1 variety were dipped into the 53℃hot water for 5 minutes, then removed out from the hot water and dripped with tap water to cool down the temperature immediately and ripened for one day. The treated fruits were kept in 28℃ and RH 85 % growth chamber for monitoring anthracnose. All results were very consistent in 3 repeated trials. The percentage of treated fruits at 4th day after hot water treatment with < 3 lesions was 90 %, 100 % and 96.7 % in three trials, respectively, and 34.5 % , 5 % , 43.3 % in untreated fruits,respectively. The values were reduced to 53.3 % , 85 % , 63.3 % for treated fruits, and 0 % for all untreated fruits at 7 days after treatment in the 3 trials, respectively. The percentage of healthy fruits at the 4th day after treatment was 56.7 %, 85 % , 86.7 % in treated fruits and 24.1 % , 0 % , 23.3 % of untreated fruits in three trials, respectively. At the 7th day after ripening, the values were reduced to 40 %, 25 % , 6.7 % for the treated fruits and 0 % for the all untreated fruits. The average number of lesions per fruit was 23.4, 26.7, 15.2 for untreated fruits and 2.7, 2.2, 5.3 for the treated fruits at the 7th day after treatment in three trials. There was no heat damage on the appearance of fruits after 53℃/5 min hot water treatment. The average Brix of treated and untreated fruits were 25.3 and 22.2, respectively, at 12th day after ripening

A semi-selective medium for the isolation of litchi downy blight pathogen

在10% V-8 juice agar培養基中加人25％撲克拉(Prochloraz) E.C 23.7%依普同(Iprodione) F.P.及43％嘉賜貝芬(3% Kasugamycin + 40% Carbendazim) W.P.等三種殺菌劑有效成分各10 ppm及ampicilin 200 ppm製成荔枝露疫病菌之半選擇性培養(PIKA培養基)，可有效抑制或延緩自荔枝殘果、葉片、根部及土壤分離荔枝露疫病菌時其他菌類如炭疽病菌、鐮胞菌、根黴菌及細菌等雜菌汙染，並可在兩天後獲得生長良好且產生豐富胞囊的荔枝露疫病菌菌落。此半選擇性培養基較10% V-8 juice agar及常用於分離疫病菌的AMP medium (10% V-8 juice agar中加入ampicilin、mycostatin及PCNB)更能減少雜菌的污染而增加荔枝露疫病菌檢出。使用此培養基可自人工接種69天後的荔枝葉片病斑或鄰近未顯示病斑之組織分離出荔枝露疫病菌菌落。 Semi-selective medium (PIKA medium) was developed for isolation of Peronophythora litchii which consists of 10 ppm a.i. each of 25% Prochloraz E.C., 23.7% Iprodione F.P., 3% Kasugamycin + 40% Carbendazim W.P and 200 ppm ampicilin in 10% V-8 juice agar. The medium was able to inhibit or delay the growth of various kinds of contaminants including of bacteria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium and Rhizopus commonly found on medium during isolation of P. litchii from litchi fruits debris, leaves, roots and soils. On PIKA medium, P. litchii developed discernible colonies with abundant sporangial production in 2 days. It was more selective than 10% V-8 juice agar or AMP medium (10% V-8 juice agar amended with ampicilin, mycostatin and PCNB) used for isolating Phytophthora. By using this medium, P. litchii was isolated from both diseased and symptomless leaf tissue within 69days after artificial inoculation