應用數值航空攝影測量於坡地災害土砂分佈及變異量之推估

In Taiwan, the frequency of extreme weather events are increasing. The scales of related disasters is getting larger. Therefore, we must not overlook the potential impact. This study is to collect data as complete as possible from selected areas, and it is using digital aerial photogrammetry. First, get the aerial pair in the pre-and post disaster period, Application of image processing technology, and set the collapse and accumulation distribution of the collapse occurred points. It can calculate the shape and actual volume of the sliding soil body. Through the analysis of terrain elevation variation, and provide the simulation and judged of follow-up mechanism. Accumulation situation of collapse material and the possible movement, and it is the emphasis of follow-up disaster prevention. In this study, through analysis of Xiaolin Vil., Jiasian Dist., Kaohsiung City region, and it has been to quantify the scale of the collapse occurred points, and available for follow-up study of the collapse mechanism.在台灣極端氣候事件出現的頻率有增多的趨勢，而其所造成的災害規模也明顯擴大，因此更不可忽略其所可能帶來的衝擊。本研究針對特定區域進行完整的資料收集，並使用數值航空攝影測量方法。首先取得災害前後之航空像對，應用影響處理技術，定出崩塌發生點位的崩落與堆積的分佈，依此可計算華動土體的形狀與實際體積。透過地形高程變異分析，將可用於提供做後續機制模擬與研判。崩落材料的堆積現況與可能產生之運移，則為後續防災之重點。本研究透過高雄市甲仙區小林里地區之分析，已可量化個崩塌點位之規模，可供後續做崩塌機制之探討

應用時域反射技術於同軸電纜波形數值量化之研究

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) can be used to measure the characteristic impedance of coaxial cable mainly by monitoring the process where the change of media causes the electromagnetic wave to refract and reflect. In such cases, discontinuous positions and characteristic impedance in the communication path are detected, and the TDR cable serves as a continuous, multiple-point monitoring sensor, not limited by its installing direction. When using TDR, a high relevance between the deformation pattern and the reflected waveform of the coaxial cable both in the laboratory and in landslide sites is observed. Analyzing results of the waveform in site and quantification statistics of laboratory tests helps us find the landslide pattern and displacement size. Thus, TDR facilitates the task of landslide monitoring and warning. In this study, the impacts different shear surface and shear band width displacements have on reflection signals are discussed mainly in two parts According to all test analysis items and result discussions, the following conclusions are reached: 1. When there are several sliding surfaces in simulated sites, the waveforms of shear surfaces of different locations and sizes in the same cable are highly related when quantified by the Area Method. Quantitative results of laboratory tests are indicative of the size of landslide in site. 2. Findings on the relationship between cable displacement and waveform of shear bands with different widths: different widths of the shear bands change the shear patterns of the cable and the reflection waveform. When a shear band is wider in width, the range of the shear is greater. 3. Special waveforms in site are looked at more closely in simulating tests using coaxial cable CTLLCX7/8” CFC. The close relationship of laboratory tests and field waveforms shows that CTLLCX7/8” CFC has good achievements in shear deformation test.時域反射技術 (TDR) 可用於量測同軸電纜線的特性阻抗，主要是利用電磁波在行進間所遭遇介質改變產生折射或反射的現象來做量測，找出傳輸路徑中的不連續位置和特性阻抗。而所埋設的同軸電纜線皆為一連續、可多點量測的感應器，不受設置方向的限制。 時域反射技術於室內試驗方面，對於同軸電纜線的變形型式和反射波形也得到一定程度的相關性，設置於地滑地現場的纜線也有不錯的成效。分析現地截取之波形與室內試驗量化的結果，可了解到地層滑動的形式和位移大小，對地滑監測和預警方面有不錯的功效。 本研究主要的內容分為兩個部份，利用數個不同變位量的剪動面和不同寬度大小的剪動帶來探討其對反射訊號的影響，根據室內試驗模擬所得到的結果來分析，結論簡述如下： 1、模擬現地同時有數個滑動面存在時，同一纜線中，不同位置和大小的剪動面，其波形以面積法量化後可得一良好關係，以室內試驗剪動量量化結果可了解現地地層滑動量的大小。 2、不同寬度大小的剪動帶來探討對纜線變位的關係，剪動帶的大小會造成纜線的剪動形式和反射波形的改變，當剪動帶的寬度越大時剪動量也相對較大。 3、就本研究所採用的同軸電纜線CTLLCX 7/8〞CFC進行室內模擬試驗，針對現地較特殊之波形加以探討，比較試驗成果與現地波形的關係，CTLLCX 7/8〞CFC在剪動變形試驗中有不錯的成效。摘 要........I Abstract........II 總 目 錄........IV 表 目 錄........VII 圖 目 錄........VIII 照 片 目 錄........XI 第一章 緒論........1 1.1 研究動機........1 1.2 研究目的........3 1.3 研究內容與流程........4 第二章 文獻回顧........5 2.1 研究背景........5 2.1.1 地理位置與交通........5 2.1.2 氣象與水文........6 2.1.3 地形........7 2.1.4 地質特性........8 2.1.5 地質構造........9 2.1.6 滑動體概況........10 2.1.7 梨山地滑自動監測站概況........11 2.2 TDR相關文獻........13 2.2.1 同軸電纜受不同變形型式之研究........14 2.2.2 變形量化方式........15 2.2.3 梨山現地實際應用初步成果........16 第三章 基本理論........18 3.1 同軸電纜線........18 3.1.1 同軸電纜線之構造........18 3.1.2 同軸電纜線之等效電路........19 3.1.3 電磁波傳遞之數學模式........20 3.1.4 電纜線中波的傳播速度........23 3.2 時域反射技術........25 3.2.1 基本原理........25 3.2.2 同軸電纜線之變形型式........26 3.2.3 TDR的功能........33 3.2.4 TDR的限制........34 3.2.5 取樣率........36 第四章 現地TDR施作與資料初步判釋........37 4.1 TDR觀測作業的實施........37 4.2 現地資料擷取........42 4.3 TDR原始波形資料說明........46 4.4 室內波形合成........47 第五章 室內試驗方法........55 5.1 概述 ........55 5.2 試驗相關儀器........56 5.2.1 實驗裝置........56 5.2.2 速度因數（VP）率定........64 5.3 試驗項目........67 5.3.1 剪動面試驗........67 5.3.2 剪動帶試驗........70 5.3.3 拉伸試驗........72 5.3.4 複合試驗........74 第六章 試驗結果分析與討論........76 6.1 剪動面試驗........76 6.2 剪動帶試驗........87 6.3 拉伸試驗........93 6.4 複合試驗........95 第七章 結論與建議........97 7.1 結論 ........97 7.2 建議 ........99 英 文 參 考 文 獻........100 中 文 參 考 文 獻........10