[[alternative]]改革媒體的準備過程

[[issue]]132

Adsorption of Fluoride onto Commercial Activated Alumina and Novel Magnetic Fluoride Selective Nano-adsorbents from Aqueous Solutions

本研究以商業用之活性氧化鋁（γ- Al2O3）和兩種新穎奈米級磁性氧化鋁（分別以沉澱法合成之磁性氧化鋁（MAP）、及溶膠凝膠法合成之磁性氧化鋁（MASG））等三種鋁型吸附劑吸附處理含氟水溶液，研究內容包含了吸附劑之物理化學特性鑑定分析、等溫吸附行為、吸附動力學分析、小型管柱動力實驗等。此外，亦針對操作因子如pH值、離子強度、氟離子初始濃度、管柱實驗操作參數等對處理效果之影響進行探討。 以共沉澱法製備奈米級Fe3O4超順磁性顆粒、並以緩慢加酸法於Fe3O4表面包覆SiO2，得到(SiO2/Fe3O4)磁性載體；再分別經由沉澱法（Precipitation method）及溶膠凝膠法（Sol-Gel method）於磁性載體表面合成氧化鋁，可製備得奈米級磁性氧化鋁吸附劑（即MAP和MASG）。Fe3O4、磁性載體、MAP、及MASG之顆粒粒徑（dp,NMD）分別為：7 nm、31.3 nm、37.5 nm及33 nm；飽和磁化強度分別為59.24、8.16、8.69和8.73 emu/g，皆具有超順磁性；XRD之鑑定結果顯示MAP及MASG表面之鋁氧化物為三羥氧化鋁（Bayerite）結構。 等溫吸附試驗之研究結果顯示以Langmuir與Freundlich等溫吸附方程式皆能有效的模擬氟離子吸附在氧化鋁、MAP和MASG等三種吸附劑表面之行為。MAP和MASG對氟離子之吸附行為亦適用線性（linear）等溫吸附方程式模擬。單就單層飽和吸附量（qL）而言，MASG為本研究中所使用三種吸附劑中對氟離子吸附效果最佳者。假性二階動力程序（pseudo-second-order equation）及Elovich rate equation可有效的模擬MASG於CSTR中對氟離子之吸附動力。 小型吸附管柱貫穿實驗中，所求出之最適操作條件為：溶液之初始pH值為4、再生液（NaOH）強度為0.01N、及再生後之氧化鋁中和至pH=4以進行下一循環之吸附，此系統之吸附能力可維持長時間（14個完整循環以上）之穩定。當溶液之初始pH值越低，其吸附氟之能力越強，應是表面具有帶正電之官能基（S-OH2+）有效的增加，促進提升對氟離子的吸附容量。實驗中無法得到一氟離子完全貫穿之曲線，顯示氧化鋁具有緩衝之特性，並使溶出之Al3+可以持續生成氫氧化鋁膠羽，而達到氟吸附去除之目的，故此系統之吸附行為應可分為氧化鋁之吸附及氫氧化鋁膠羽之吸附，後者作用最顯著的地方應於高原遲緩期（plateau）處。 本研究期以表面複合模式（Surface complex formation model）為基礎，預測氧化鋁對含氟溶液之吸附貫穿曲線動力，但因模式仍於開發測試階段，目前尚無法進行貫穿曲線動態模擬。現階段以表面複合理論中兩性離子交換器之多重單價離子系統描述氧化鋁對氟離子之等溫吸附行為，並求出與等溫吸附相關之表面複合理論參數（ 與m(H,F)），以作為將來預測氧化鋁對含氟溶液之吸附貫穿曲線動力之基礎。 半導體製造廠LSR系統中，WA樹脂塔進流廢水成分主要為氟離子，濃度約為54 mg/L，其餘陰離子包括Cl-、BrO3-、NO3-和SO42-等濃度分別為2.2、1.1、9.2和1.5mg/L，且pH值偏低（=3.6），初步認為此股廢水應適合以活性氧化鋁或磁性氧化鋁等鋁型吸附劑，進行溶液中氟之吸附去除處理，且其操作條件可以本研究小型管柱實驗所得之最適操作條件為基礎。The adsorption process applied in the removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions was investigated in this study. Commercial activated alumina (γ-Al2O3) and two novel magnetic alumina adsorbents, which were synthesized by precipitation method (MAP) and sol-gel method (MASG), were used as the alumina-type adsorbents. The physicochemical characteristics of three adsorbents and factors affecting the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were further examined in this study. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were successfully used to predict the adsorption behavior of fluoride onto γ-Al2O3, MAP, and MASG, in which the monolayer adsorption capacity (qL) of MASG is the highest among three adsorbents. Furthermore, the linear isotherm also well described the adsorption behavior of fluoride onto both novel magnetic nano-adsorbents, MAP and MASG. Therefore, the novel magnetic nano-adsorbents, which were prepared by Fe3O4 coated with SiO2 and sequentially synthesized by means of precipitation and sol-gel methods in this study, can successfully be applied in the removal of fluoride from solutions. Regarding the adsorption kinetics of fluoride from solutions, among the tested kinetics models in this study (e.g. pseudo-first-order equation, pseudo-second-order equation and Elovich rate equation), both the pseudo-second-order equation and Elovich rate equation can well predict the adsorption kinetics of fluoride onto MASG in CFSTR. The removal of fluoride by commercial Al2O3 was also carried out in the fixed-bed adsorber. The optimal operating conditions were the pH value of 4 for the fed fluoride solution, the regeneration agent (NaOH) of 0.01 N, and the neutralization pH of 4 by means of 3.16×10-4 N HNO3. Under the optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of fluoride from solutions was not reduced for at least fourteen runs. In addition, the fluoride adsorption capacity increased with decreasing pH of fluoride solution and can be divided into two parts: adsorbed by alumina and by aluminum hydroxide, in which the former might be the major mechanism in the whole adsorption process and the latter mainly influenced the adsorption in the plateau area. The main composition and pH value of the aged scrubbing solution in the semiconductor manufacturing industries are fluoride of 40~ 60 mg/L, and 3.6, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of the data obtained from this study it is deduced that Al2O3, MAP and MASG possess high potential as the adsorbents for the application of adsorption process in the defluoridation from aged scrubbing solution.頁 次 中文摘要 …………………………………………………………… I 英文摘要 …………………………………………………………… III 目錄 …………………………………………………………… V 表目錄 …………………………………………………………… IX 圖目錄 …………………………………………………………… X 符號說明 …………………………………………………………… XV 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………… 1 1-1 研究背景……………………………………………… 1 1-2 研究目的……………………………………………… 3 第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………… 5 2-1 氟化物………………………………………………… 5 2-1-1 氟化物對人體之影響………………………………… 5 2-1-2 氟化物之處理方法…………………………………… 6 2-1-3 氟離子與鋁離子之錯合水化學……………………… 11 2-2 吸附理論……………………………………………… 13 2-2-1 基本理論……………………………………………… 13 2-2-2 等溫吸附方程式……………………………………… 13 2-2-3 表面複合理論………………………………………… 15 2-2-4 吸附動力學…………………………………………… 26 2-2-4-1 整體性動力分析(global kinetic expressions)………… 26 2-2-5 影響吸附之因素……………………………………… 29 2-3 鋁氧化物……………………………………………… 33 2-3-1 鋁氧化物特性………………………………………… 33 2-3-2 鋁氧化物之水化學…………………………………… 36 2-4 磁性技術……………………………………………… 40 2-4-1 磁性分離技術………………………………………… 40 2-4-2 磁性載體製備與應用………………………………… 41 2-4-3 磁性吸附劑製備……………………………………… 44 2-4-3-1 均勻沉澱法（Homogenous precipitation method）…… 45 2-4-3-2 溶膠凝膠法（Sol-gel method）……………………… 46 2-5 半導體製造廠排氣洗滌(LSR)系統…………………… 48 第三章 實驗設備與研究方法………………………………… 51 3-1 藥品…………………………………………………… 51 3-2 設備…………………………………………………… 52 3-3 實驗步驟……………………………………………… 55 3-3-1 商業用氧化鋁之前處理……………………………… 55 3-3-2 磁性氟選擇性氧化鋁之合成………………………… 55 3-3-2-1 包覆SiO2之Fe3O4磁性載體………………………… 59 3-3-2-2 均勻沉澱法…………………………………………… 59 3-3-2-3 溶膠凝膠法…………………………………………… 60 3-3-3 吸附劑之物理化學特性分析………………………… 60 3-3-4 等溫吸附實驗………………………………………… 65 3-3-5 動力管柱試驗………………………………………… 68 3-3-6 完全混合反應槽實驗………………………………… 74 第四章 結果與討論…………………………………………… 75 4-1 吸附劑之基本性質…………………………………… 75 4-1-1 商業用氧化鋁………………………………………… 75 4-1-2 磁性氧化鋁…………………………………………… 81 4-2 商業用氧化鋁之吸附………………………………… 105 4-2-1 吸附平衡……………………………………………… 105 4-2-1-1 氟離子與鋁離子吸附之空白試驗…………………… 105 4-2-1-2 平衡時間之探討……………………………………… 105 4-2-1-3 等溫吸附曲線………………………………………… 109 4-2-1-4 氧化鋁之鋁離子溶出探討…………………………… 110 4-2-2 動力管柱試驗………………………………………… 116 4-2-2-1 連續流式反應槽……………………………………… 116 4-2-2-2 最適操作參數………………………………………… 118 4-2-3 貫穿曲線動力模擬…………………………………… 136 4-3 磁性氧化鋁之吸附…………………………………… 140 4-3-1 吸附平衡……………………………………………… 140 4-3-1-1 平衡時間之探討……………………………………… 140 4-3-1-2 等溫吸附曲線………………………………………… 140 4-3-1-3 等溫吸附曲線綜合比較……………………………… 143 4-3-2 吸附動力探討………………………………………… 146 4-4 實廠廢水特性分析…………………………………… 155 第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………… 157 5-1 結論…………………………………………………… 157 5-2 建議…………………………………………………… 161 參考文獻 …………………………………………………………… 162 附錄 附錄A 微波消化方法與步驟………………………………… A-1 附錄B 磁性顆粒粒徑分佈直方圖、自然對數分佈圖………… B-1 附錄C XRD標準圖譜………………………………………… C-1 附錄D 表面複合理論之 與m(H,F) 計算過程………… D-1 附錄E 追蹤劑試驗(Tracer test) E-1 附錄F 動力學分析數據(MASG) …………………………… F-

The Competency for Taiwanese Bank Expatriate Managers in China

[[abstract]]To expand the market share, Taiwanese banks has increasingly invested in China. In this start-up period, many managers were sending from Taiwan to China for running the business. The issues of managing expatriates have drawn attentions. To investigate the current situation of expatriate management of the Taiwanese banks to China, this study interviewed the business practitioners to portrait the general pictures of the following focuses: 1.The selection criteria for the Taiwanese bank expatriate managers assigned to China. 2.The roles and tasks for the Taiwanese bank expatriate managers assigned to China. 3.The required competencies for the Taiwanese bank expatriate managers assigned to China. 4.The content of training programs for the Taiwanese bank expatriate managers assigned to China. Base on the contents retrieved from the selection criteria, roles and tasks and content of training program, the study generated the required knowledge, skills, experiences and personality traits for the expatriate managers as a reference resource for the Taiwanese banks that designate expatriate to China. Keywords: competency, competency models, expatriate manager, banks

ERP認證型專題

[[abstract]]隨著資訊科技的發展，企業資源規劃(Enterprise Resource Planning;ERP)也成為企業電子化的重要項目之一。本專題以取得由中華企業資源規劃學會所舉辦之ERP軟體應用師-財務模組認證證照為首要目標。 本專題蒐集彙整資料，介紹中華企業資源規劃認證考試的目的與軟體應用師檢定的考試相關資料，並針對ERP基礎觀念及導入方法篇與ERP財務模組應用篇兩書做相關各章節的重點整理