12 research outputs found

    Phenology of Schima superba var. superba and Gordonia axillaris at Hue-Sun Forest Station

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    本研究以惠蓀林場木荷及大頭茶為材料,調查、探討其物候現象,佐以SEM觀察花芽分化及果實發育。並採取木荷種子進行發芽率試驗。結果顯示,木荷展葉期在4月中旬到5月中旬;花期在6月底到7月中旬;果熟期在11月底到12月中旬,蒴果成熟後開裂,種子隨後飄落,11月到翌年2月為最大量,蒴果直到2月才陸續掉落。落葉期集中在4月到7月,4月到5月為新葉和老葉之間的替換期,所落下來的是老葉,6月到7月為蟲害所致,落下來的是新葉。大頭茶之展葉期在3月到4月,花期從7月到翌年1月,果熟期3月到11月,落葉期集中在3到4月之萌換期內,且在落葉前葉子會變紅。此兩種植物均為雄蕊多數,木荷心皮5個,但大頭茶為5到8個;木荷在藥隔處會有假花粉的產生,大頭茶則無。木荷種子經過1個月的層積處理會提昇發芽率,但木荷保護區不同時期所飄落種子發芽率會有降低的趨勢。This study was Schima superba var. superba and Gordonia axillaris phenological observation at Hue-Sun Forest station,Nan-tou County. Showed annual variation of phenomenon in leaf production and loss, flowering, and fruiting. Collected flower bud and fruit from tip of the branchlets and observed the development of flower bud by SEM. After fruits of Schima superba var. superba were ripe, collected the seeds from different mother tree for germination test. The result obtained may be summarized follow: Schima superba var. superba produced new leaves between April and May. Flowering period was during June and July. Ripe fruits were found in November and December. The peak of seeds fell after fruits had ripen between November and February. Gordonia axillaris flushed in March and April. Ripe fruit may be found between March and November. The peak of loss aged leaves during March and April. These two species are belong to polystemonous flowers. The numbers of stamens in Schima superba var. superba and Gordonia axillaris flowers are about 95 and 150. In early floral development, sepal primordias were first initiated. At the middle stage, the stamen primodias were developed. Stamen primordias continued to expand, the carpel were last initiated. There were psuedopollen grains in the connective of Schima superba var. superba, but there was no one in Gordnia axillaris. Germination rate would become higher after stratification. But it would become lower on different date the seed fell.中文摘要...........................1 英文摘要...........................2 一、 前............................3 二、 前人研究.........................4 (一) 木荷和大頭茶的研究...................4 (二) 物候學的研究......................5 (三) 花的形態發育與胚胎發育之研究..............7 三、 材料與方法.......................11 (一) 調查區域概況.....................11 (二) 研究地點及樣株的選定.................13 (三) 觀察鷹架的搭設及收集籃的放置.............13 (四) 物候調查.......................14 (五) 花芽發育之SEM觀察..................15 (六) 果實發育和胚珠形態之觀察...............15 (七) 木荷種子發芽率測定..................15 (八) 林道植物之物候觀測..................16 四、 結果..........................17 (一) 惠蓀林場木荷及大頭茶物候...............17 (二) 葉候調查結果.....................18 (三) 花候調查結果.....................19 (四) 果候調查結果.....................22 (五) 花芽發育.......................26 (六) 木荷種子發芽率及有效種子...............35 (七) 林道兩旁植物物候調查結果...............38 五、討論...........................39 (一) 不同地區木荷及大頭茶物候之比較............39 (二) 植物之開花型式及開花時間...............40 (三) 植物展落葉之生態意義.................41 (四) 花芽發育...................... 42 (五) 果實發育.......................43 (六) 植物體飄落的季節變動.................44 (七) 木荷種子之發芽率...................44 (八) 物候物候的差異....................45 六、結論...........................46 七、引用文獻.........................4

    Synecology of Juniperus morrisonicola Community in the Cuei-Chih area on Mt. Xue

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    玉山圓柏為臺灣高山林木界線重要物種,在形態上可以區分為喬木型及矮盤灌叢型,是臺灣高山森林生態及環境變遷議題中重要的指標物種,雪山翠池地區之玉山圓柏林為臺灣地區面積最大且最具代表性。本研究針對該區之玉山圓柏群落,進行植物社會組成物種及數量調查、再針對各類型玉山圓柏林進行林木性狀量測,將所得資料進行植群、林分結構、垂直結構、樹冠結構、空間分布及林木競爭等分析,綜合闡述本區域玉山圓柏林之族群結構特性。結果顯示:本區域內計有36科69屬85種(含種以下分類群)維管束植物,蕨類商數為4.11,生活型以半地中植物最優勢(48種, 56.47%)。可劃分為玉山圓柏林型及臺灣冷杉林型等2個優勢林型;喬木型玉山圓柏林木性狀值間,主要是以胸高直徑、樹高、枝下高及樹冠長間有較高的相關性。喬木型及交會帶之玉山圓柏林中,玉山圓柏與臺灣冷杉之胸高直徑分布,均符合負指數分布函數,顯示為反J型直徑分布;透過密度-胸高直徑半對數圖,簡單線性迴歸驗證玉山圓柏天然林三種生長階段林分密度中,以各生長階段之直徑階間的負斜率,說明各生長階段之遞減速率的不同,反映出老熟林不對稱U型死亡率之現象。 垂直結構方面,喬木型玉山圓柏林分成9層個森林層次;交會帶玉山圓柏林分為8個森林層次。樹冠結構方面,就雪山翠池地區整體玉山圓柏林而言,樹冠半徑擴張方向以東至南向為主,玉山圓柏上下層樹冠有著不同方向的擴展趨勢。 玉山圓柏之空間分布隨胸高直徑增大,而趨向於隨機分布。交會帶樣區在小尺度距離下,呈現出顯著聚集分布,而在其大尺度,而呈現隨機分布,矮盤灌叢各樣區整體而言,呈現隨機分布。空間分布關聯分析方面,玉山圓柏初期生長階段與中期生長階段之空間關聯性,呈現負相關,其中距離尺度小於18 m時,呈現顯著負相關。交會帶樣區之玉山圓柏與臺灣冷杉在任何距離尺度下,均呈現無相關之趨勢。 單木競爭方面,競爭半徑10 m為玉山圓柏合理的競爭半徑。以Hegyi單木競爭指數與胸高直徑大小進行迴歸分析,無論在喬木型玉山圓柏林樣區、交會帶玉山圓柏林樣區,顯示均符合冪函數關係。在不同胸高直徑階方面,小徑級植株的競爭強度較大,大徑級植株的競爭強度較小。玉山圓柏在依森林分層而言,平均競爭指數分成4群,以樹冠層之競爭強度較小,下層之競爭強度較高即所受的競爭壓力較大。從競爭指數的面向,可以反映出玉山圓柏達到第4層高度後,其所受的競爭壓力,可以推斷為林分發展中到達樹冠層的門檻。理論生長空間及林木樹冠面積二者在森林層次迴歸線趨勢顯示,由最上層Y1層至最下層Y9層理論生長空間及樹冠面積均有減小之趨勢,在不同胸高直徑階方面,理論生長空間及樹冠面積均随胸高直徑階增大而加的趨勢,上揭研究結果可供後續對玉山圓柏林分動態研究參考。Juniperus morrisonicola (juniper tree) is one of the important species on the timber line in Taiwan. It is also an indicator species in the alpine ecosystem and issues about environment change. The most representative J. morrisonicola forest was in the Cuei-Chih area on Mt. Xue. The vegetation could be distinguished into 2 categories, arbor and krummholz, by physiognomy . My purpose of this study was to explore the synecology of J. morrisonicola forest in the Cuei-chih area on Mt. Xue. In this paper, the vegetation was surveyed via the contagious quadrat method and the tree characteristics of individual in the juniper forest, ecotone between J. morrisonicola and Abies kawakamii, and krummholz were measured. The data were analyzed to reveal the composition, stand structure, vertical sturture, crown sturture, spatial patterns, and individual competition. The results showed that a total of 85 species of vascular plants belonging to 36 families and 69 genera were recorded in our studied plots. The pteriodophyte-quotient was 4.11. According to Raunkiaer`s life-form system, all the species were determined into five major life-forms that exhibited dominance of hemicryptophytes (56.47%) in this community. The vegetation was classified into 2 types: (1) Juniperus morrisonicola forest type and (2) Abies kawakamii forest type. The high correlation between the tree characteristics of DBH、H、Hc and CL were showed. The diameter distributions of the trees, including J. morrisonicola and A. kawakamii, at the juniper forest and ecotone sites were exhibited as inverse J-shaped. According to the DBH, J. morrisonicola individuals could be divided into 3 growth stages which were early stage (ES), middle stage (MS) and late stage (LS) respectively. Here we could see a trend in diminished rate of these 3 growth stages, as the highest diminished rate in ES, followed by LS and MS. The slope of simple regression of the density-diameter distribution on the Semi-log graph revealed the decreasing rate at different growth stages. It reflected the phenomenon of asymmetric U-shaped mortality in the J. morrisonicola forest stand and also suggested that J. morrisonicola was the dominant species with long longevity in this area. There were 9 layers in the juniper forest and 8 layers in the ecotone forest. The main direction of crown displacement of the J. morrisonicola was eastward to southward. The different directions of crown displacements were showed on the different layers. The spatial pattern would become random distribution with increasing DBH. At the krummholz plots, the aggregative distribution was showed at the short distance scale and the random distribution was showed at the long distance scale. All individuals in the krummholz plots were showed in a random distribution. Negative spatial correlation was detected for trees of J. morrisonicola between ES and MS, especially a significant correlation for the distance scale under 18 m . There was non-correlation between J. morrisonicola and A. kawakamii trees in the ecotone. It was found that ten-meter was an available distance competition scale in this study. The relationship between the competition index and DBH of the objective tree expressed as a power function in all plots. The competition intensity of the objective tree reduced as the DBH increased. The competition indices in different layers of the juniper forest were divided into 4 groups by Duncan test. The results showed low competition intensity in the canopy layer and high competition intensity in the understory. According to the competition index, it reflected an environmental selection in the fourth layer for developing to the canopy layer. The regression line of theoretic growth area and crown area showed that both of them reduced, but they increased as the DBH of the objective tree increased. All of the results would be new information for the further forest dynamic researches in the future.目 錄 摘要....................................................................................................................................i Abstract.............................................................................................................................ii 目錄..................................................................................................................................iv 表目錄.............................................................................................................................vii 圖目錄..............................................................................................................................ix 第一章 前言 1 第二章 前人研究 2 一、玉山圓柏分類地位及地理分布 2 (一) 分類地位 2 (二) 地理分布 3 二、玉山圓柏植群生態 3 (一) 玉山圓柏林位屬植群帶 3 (二) 玉山圓柏群落 4 三、森林結構 6 (一) 森林垂直結構 6 (二) 林木生長性狀 10 (三) 空間分布 10 (四) 林分結構 12 (五) 靜態生命表 12 四、單木競爭理論 13 (一) 距離獨立指數 13 (二) 距離相依指數 14 第三章 材料與方法 15 一、研究區域 15 (一) 地理位置 15 (二) 地形 15 (三) 氣候 16 (四) 地質與土壤 16 二、研究流程 17 三、樣區設置及調查 18 (一) 植群樣區 18 (二) 永久樣區 18 四、植群調查分析 20 (一) 資料調查 20 (二) 樣區環境因子測定 20 (三) 資料分析 20 五、林木性狀值調查分析 22 六、徑級結構分析 22 (一) 徑級分布 22 (二) 林分結構之模擬 23 (三) 靜態生命表 23 七、垂直結構分析 24 (一) TSTRAT分層法 24 (二) Gini指數 24 (三) 樹高變異係數 24 (四) 樹高曲線 25 八、樹冠結構幅分析 25 (一) 樹冠位移分析 25 (二) 樹冠型態分析 25 九、空間分布型態分析 26 (一) 點空間分布分析 26 (二) 空間分布型態判別 26 (三) Monte-Carlo檢驗 26 十、競爭機制研究 26 (一) Hegyi競爭指數 26 (二) 理論生長空間 27 第四章 結果 29 一、植物社會研究 29 (一) 玉山圓柏植物社會組成 29 (二) 植物社會分類 29 (三) 植物社會與環境之關係 31 二、林木性狀值分析 36 (一) 林木性狀值 36 (二) 相關分析 40 三、徑級結構分析 42 (ㄧ) 徑級統計分析 42 (二) 喬木型玉山圓柏林徑級結構 42 (三) 交會帶玉山圓柏林徑級結構 43 (四) 矮盤灌叢徑級結構 43 (六) 靜態生命表 47 四、垂直結構分析 49 (一) 喬木型玉山圓柏林垂直結構 49 (二) 交會帶玉山圓柏林垂直結構 49 (三) 矮盤灌叢玉山圓柏林垂直結構 49 (四) 建立樹高曲線式 54 五、樹冠結構分析 55 (一) 樹冠幅半徑分析 55 (二) 樹冠幅偏移分析 61 六、空間分布型態分析 70 (一) 喬木林玉山圓柏空間分布 70 (二) 交會帶玉山圓柏林空間分布 79 (三) 矮盤灌叢玉山圓柏林空間分布 84 七、林木競爭 89 (一) Hegyi單木競爭 89 (二) 生長空間 92 第五章 討論 100 一、植物社會 100 (一) 植物組成特性 100 (二) 植物社會與環境 100 二、林木性狀值 102 三、林分結構 103 (一) 玉山圓柏群落現況 103 (二) 不同型態玉山圓柏林分結構 104 (三) 不同生長階段徑級結構 104 (四) 密度-胸高直徑半對數圖 105 (五) 靜態生命表 105 四、垂直結構 107 (一) 森林層次結構 107 (二) Gini指數及樹高CV值 107 五、樹冠結構 108 (一) 樹冠半徑擴張 108 (二) 樹冠偏向 108 (三) 樹冠面積及偏移量 109 六、空間分布 110 (一) 喬木型玉山圓柏林空間分布 110 (二) 交會帶玉山圓柏林空間分布 112 (三) 矮盤灌叢玉山圓柏林空間分布 112 七、林木競爭 113 (一) 競爭距離範圍 113 (二) 單木競爭 114 (三) 生長空間 116 第六章 結論 118 第七章 引用文獻 120 【附 錄】 135 附錄一、雪山翠池地區玉山圓柏林維管束植物名錄 135 附錄二、雪山翠池地區玉山圓柏林喬木層各樣區植物之重要值 137 附錄三、喬木層根據 MOTYKA 公式所計算各樣區間之相似性指數矩陣 137 附錄四、雪山翠池地區玉山圓柏林地被層各樣區地被植物之重要值 138 附錄五、地被層根據 MOTYKA公式所計算各樣區間之相似性指數矩陣 140 附錄六、林木性狀值統計表 14

    The Impact of Elimination Scoring Procedures for Measure Partial Knowledge and Unexpected Responses

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    [[abstract]]中文摘要 知識是經由一連串學習累積而成,並非全有或全無的。傳統二元計分模式(全 對或全錯)的數量計分法(Number scoring, NS),其結構反應的作答本質顯然無 法辨別出學生擁有的部分知識。因此,如何改善數量計分法測驗的缺失,一直為 教育學者所關心。 近年來,隨著資訊的發達,電腦化測驗己是數位學習中不可或缺的一環。然 而測驗系統所選用的試題分析模式,對於測驗本身以及學生能力的估計影響甚 鉅。在常見的試題分析系統中,大多以測驗得分定義學生的程度,答對題目人數 百分比做為試題難易度的指標。此分析方式雖具有計算方便、易於瞭解等優點, 但樣本依賴之特性,造成題目難度與受試者能力的估計上彼此干擾,難以確切地 解釋兩者間的關係。故本研究旨在利用消去測驗法(Elimination testing, ET),在 不更改原有題目建構方式下,以古典測驗理論與項目反應理論,探討部分計分的 消去測驗法,相較於數量計分法是否可以更為精確地評量學生所擁有的部分知 識,以及減少學生答題時的非期望反應。並以項目反應理論中二元計分單參數 Rasch模式,與多元計分部分計分模式(Partial Credit Model, PCM)為核心,應用 聯合最大概似估計法(Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation, JMLE),結合消去 測驗法線上評量提出一整合性試題分析系統,以克服傳統試題分析方式之偏誤, 協助試題編輯者瞭解試題編輯之成效與學生能力。[[abstract]]Abstract Knowledge is accumulated through a series of learning, instead of all or nothing. The traditional dichotomous scoring procedure (Number scoring, NS) is unable to reflect the partial knowledge of examinees. Education researchers have being continuously concerned about how to evaluate students’ partial knowledge accurately and reduce the number of unexpected response. Most diagnosis test systems measure test item difficulty based on the percentage of correct responses. Although the percentage of correct number has the advantage of easy calculation, this analysis approach of test item disregards the relationship between the examinee’s ability and item difficulty. This study investigates the impact on partial knowledge and unexpected response of examinees in partial scoring procedure (Elimination testing, ET) and conventional dichotomous scoring, using the same testing item constructs. The Item Response Theory is applied to analyze how examinees’ abilities and testing results are related. This study also employs a diagnosis system, which provides elimination test scoring of multiple-choice questions, and Rasch model is adopted as dichotomous scoring procedure, and Partial Credit Model is adopted as partial scoring procedure. Joint maximum likelihood estimation (Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation, JMLE) adopted as procedures paradigm for estimating items difficulty and examinee ability, to provide helpful information for curriculum designers. Curriculum designers can maintain the quality of test items by modifying or removing test items with low discrimination ability

    雪山翠池玉山圓柏林植物社會之研究

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    觀霧地區鳳仙花植群與生物學之調查研究

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    本研究針對觀霧地區鳳仙花屬植物之族群分布、植群及授粉生態等調查分析,並參考國外文獻針對本屬之繁殖生物學、植群建立、分布等特性進行探討。臺灣產鳳仙花屬植物計有棣慕華鳳仙花、黃花鳳仙花及紫花鳳仙花,均可在觀霧地區發現,主要分布於林道、步道旁等光線較充足且潮濕的環境,其中棣慕華鳳仙花侷限分布本區域,而紫花鳳仙花的族群數量最小。29個樣區之植群分析結果顯示,觀霧地區林道、步道旁之地被大致可區分成9植群型;棣慕華鳳仙花與黃花鳳仙花為主的植物社會各自歸成一群,大致反映對生育地的適應差異及其生物特性。野外觀察及環境因子This paper investigated the distribution, environmental factors, vegetation and pollination of Impatiens at Kuan-Wu area. We also reviewed the literatures to discuss the reproduction biology, establishment and distribution of Impatiens. Among this genus

    澎湖地區植相與植群之研究

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    澎湖地區之地理環境特殊,其植群與臺灣本島差異頗大,本研究乃針對澎湖地區植物相調查與整理。並設立樣區進行植群調查,以矩陣群團分析 、相關分析 、生活型等來探討澎湖植相與植群。本研究共計記錄澎湖地區植物種類計99科439種,其中雙子葉植物有74科233屬327種,單子葉植物18科67屬102種,裸子植物4科5屬6種,蕨類植物3科3屬4種。因地緣接近之故,植物區系與臺灣本島最為密切。在設置的65個樣區中,出現的植物種類共有128種,以禾本科植物最佔優勢,共有42種,其次為豆科17種;出現頻度最高為狗尾草,小葉括Due to specific geographical environment, the flora of Penghu differs with that of Taiwan island. The flora of Penghu was investigated and sorted to establish the checklist of plant resource. Sampling plots were set for vegetation. Then, similarity and e

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    The population structure, accomplished plants and environmental factors of endemic Litsea akoensis Hay. var. chitouchiaoensis Liao, which growth in Meinong, Kasien and Leugue were investigated in this study. The main goal of this study is to provide the u本研究調查竹頭角木薑子主要分布之美濃、甲仙與六龜等地區,除了解其族群結構,並探究其伴生植物及其生育地因子,冀能提供此一特有物種未來在保育研究與經營管理上之參考。本研究於植群調查時,設置10×25 m?、20×25 m? 之長方形樣區,以監測其植群組成與分布之變遷,於2000-2001年設置9個樣區,包含美濃地區及甲仙地區;而2005年計有18個樣區,包含美濃、甲仙及六龜地區,共計調查紀錄維管束植物97科251屬369種植物,其中喬木107種,灌木59種,藤本85種,草本116種。又2000-2001年

    美國專利訴訟中關於「律師-委託人特權」與「工作成果豁免權」之探討 Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product Doctrine/Immunity of the U.S. Patent Litigation

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    本文所欲探討者,乃美國普通法所建立之「律師-委託人特權」 (attorney-client privilege)與「工作成果豁免權」(work product doctrine/immunity)等原則,適用於專利訴訟,以保護特定資訊免於被揭露之現況。第一部分將先分別介紹此二概念之基本內涵。第二部分則針對專利訴訟中,適用此二概念所引發之爭議與相關問題,予以分析與討論。在律師-委託人特權之適用方面,主要探討之主題包括:適用對象是否及於專利律師或專利代理人,與保護客體是否及於包含事實及技術之溝通。而在工作成果豁免權之適用方面,則討論其保護客體是否及於專利申請過程中,專利律師所製作之文件。最後,除說明對其棄權之情形外,亦討論當事人在放棄律師-委託人特權的同時,是否也等於放棄了工作成果豁免權的問題。 This article discusses the application of attorney-client privilege and work product doctrine/immunity to patent litigation to protect some information from being disclosed. First, the authors will introduce their basic concepts. Then the issues and related questions which result from their application to patent litigation will be discussed. The topics related to attorney-client privilege consist of whether it is applicable to patent attorneys or patent agents, and whether it protects factual and technological communications. The topic regarding work product doctrine/immunity is whether it protects documents produced by patent attorneys during patent prosecutions. At last, in addition to explain circumstances of waiver, the authors will discuss whether work product immunity would be waived as well if one waives attorney-client privilege

    惠蓀林場紅檜人工林與闊葉樹次生林植群監測

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    The+purpose+of+this+study+was+to+reveal+the+change+of+composition+and+structure+of+species+after+thinning.+The+monitoring+was+conducted+by+vegetation+inventory+in+the+Taiwan+red+cypress+plantation+and+a+secondary+broadleaf+forest+at+Hue-Sun+Forest+Station本研究於1998-1999年監測惠蓀林場紅檜人工林與闊葉樹次生林,以瞭解經營施業前後對物種組成與結構的影響。發現各樣區紅檜之分叉株數所占比率極高(概為50%以上),而隨分叉數愈多,其單株平均胸徑、樹高與材積愈低,又已有如香桂等闊葉樹種入侵,故以胸高斷面積為介量,實施30、50與60%三種疏伐度之疏伐試驗,又由於疏伐後有較大之孔隙產生,並於孔隙下混植牛樟、香楠與烏心石等樹種。另各樣區紅檜之直徑級皆在40cm以內,又以胸徑10-25cm者居多;疏伐前242號造林地之紅檜總株數,以及每公頃材積高於248號造林
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