The Role of Interoception and Insular Cortex in Addiction

内感受是机体对自身生理状态的感觉.近年来,越来越多的研究证据表明,内感受可以调控成瘾行为,岛叶是其发挥作用的重要神经基础之一.目前,对岛叶作用机制的研究正受到高度重视.本文从岛叶的基本结构和功能出发,结合近几年来岛叶调控成瘾行为、行为抑制以及情感决策的重要发现,讨论岛叶在成瘾发生及发展过程中的可能作用及其机制,并根据已有的实验证据,试图提出较为合理的研究展望,以推动相关神经环路和神经化学机制研究的深入

内感受对成瘾行为的诱导及其岛叶的调控机制

内感受是机体对自身生理状态的感觉.近年来,越来越多的研究证据表明,内感受可以调控成瘾行为,岛叶是其发挥作用的重要神经基础之一.目前,对岛叶作用机制的研究正受到高度重视.本文从岛叶的基本结构和功能出发,结合近几年来岛叶调控成瘾行为、行为抑制以及情感决策的重要发现,讨论岛叶在成瘾发生及发展过程中的可能作用及其机制,并根据已有的实验证据,试图提出较为合理的研究展望,以推动相关神经环路和神经化学机制研究的深入

Changes of soil properties and carbon fractions after long-term application of organic amendments in Mollisols

Land degradation threatens soil fertility as well as environmental security. To assess the extent of degradation of black Mollisols in northeast China, chemical and microbial indicators of soil quality were determined after long-term application of organic amendments combined with chemical fertilizers. The application of high amounts of organic manure plus chemical fertilizer (NPK) significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and mineral nitrogen (N-min), as well as microbial biomass carbon (MBC), extractable dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial quotient (qMIC), carbon (C) in free light fraction (fLF) and its percentage of total soil C. Soil C/N ratio and C portion in heavy fraction (HF) both decreased significantly, which might have resulted from accelerated mineralization of stable C. Application of straw at a low rate plus NPK significantly increased N-min and MBC concentrations and qMIC Compared with the unamended control, no negligible differences were found for most of the selected parameters under the treatments NPK alone, high-rate straw plus NPK, and low-rate manure plus NPK. These results indicated that NPK along with either a high rate of manure or a low rate of straw profoundly changed certain key soil chemical and microbial properties. Despite these apparent benefits in soil properties, however, high rates of manure application is likely contributing little to soil C stabilization. Low rates of organic amendments, especially crop straw, are therefore recommended, as this practice can improve or at least maintain soil properties in degraded Mollisols, while minimizing the adverse impacts of more intense applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The temperature sensitivity of organic carbon mineralization is affected by exogenous carbon inputs and soil organic carbon content

Temperature sensitivity of organic carbon (C) mineralization is affected by C inputs, but predicting the magnitude of the response remains a challenge. We investigated how temperature and exogenous C inputs affected the apparent organic C mineralization in soils with a range of soil organic C (SOC) contents. Soils with 2.9, 4.0, and 6.8% SOC content were incubated with or without C sources (either plant residues or glucose), at two temperatures (15 or 25 degrees C) for 120 days. Apparent organic C mineralization was significantly affected by SOC content and C inputs. Cumulative CO2 production in soils with a higher SOC content was less sensitive to C inputs. Glucose was always more effective in stimulating CO2 production than plant residue. Without exogenous C inputs, the temperature sensitivity of organic C mineralization (described by Q(10) value) was higher in the 4.0% SOC soil (2.31) than in the 2.9% (1.12) and 6.8% SOC soils (130). The addition of exogenous C decreased Q(10) values by up to 131% in the 4.0% SOC soil, which was not observed in other two soils. In general, C inputs increased the Q(10) of the estimated active (C-a) and stable C (C-s) pools in all the tested soils, especially the C-s pool in the 4.0 and 6.8% SOC soils. Results indicated that the effect of C inputs on apparent organic C mineralization (either stimulatory or inhibitory) is influenced by SOC content and C source, and that temperature sensitivity of organic C mineralization in the presence of exogenous C is highly sensitive to SOC content. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved

陕北丘陵沟壑区（安塞）水土保持型生态农业持续发展研究

在黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持型生态农业持续发展的主导因素的研究方面，有重要创新。以水资源的适度保持有效利用为出发点，调控优化点线面三类水资源（泉水、沟道径流、雨水及土壤水）的利用方向及其相互关系，增大林草生态对面状水的消耗，减小流域洪水径流与基流的比例，建设良性水文生态环境。通过长期不懈的实践，以显著成效论证了黄土丘陵沟壑区生态农业建设的必由之路一退耕还林还（草），形成了合理配置、快速造林、沟坡封育、多元化草地建设等林草植被恢复建造技术体系。在小流域生态稳定性健康诊断以及适用于该地区不同尺度生态环境量化评价等科学问题的研究上有重要进展