Fingerprint analysis on methyl fatty acid and its applications in microbial study

脂肪酸甲酯谱图分析方法(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester,FAME)是鉴于脂肪酸可作为生物标记物而发展起来的分析技术。本文介绍了FAME谱图分析方法及其在微生物学领域的应用,包括在微生物检测、鉴定和微生物多样性研究中的应用。Fatty acid is an important biomarker.Its application in biology research has become increasingly popular.The method of FAME fingerprint analysis is based on fatty acid's utilization as a biomarker.This paper describes the FAME fingerprint analysis and its applications for microbial studies,including identification of unknown microbes and assessment of microbial diversity.国家863计划项目(2006AA10A211);; 福建省发展和改革委员会重点项目[闽农产(2006)10号];; 福建省青年科技人才创新项目(2003.J046

In situ identification of crystal facet-mediated chemical reactions on tetrahexahedral gold nanocrystals using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

National Basic Research Program of China [2010CB934700]; National Science Foundation of China [50725208, 20973019, 51002007, 21303006]Direct monitoring of a metal-catalyzed reaction by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is always a challenging issue as it needs bifunctional metal structures that have plasmonic properties and also act as catalysts. Here we demonstrate that the tetrahexahedral (THH) gold nanocrystals (Au NCs) with exposed {520} facets give highly enhanced Raman signals from molecules at the interface, permitting in situ observation of chemical transformation from para-aminothiophenol (PATP) to 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB). The origin of the intense SERS signals of DMAB is carefully investigated based on the comparison of the SERS spectra of PATP obtained with both the THH Au NCs and the Au nanospheres with the exposed {111} facets. It is elucidated that the high-index {520} facet rather than the localized surface plasmons of the THH Au NCs plays a key role in producing a high yield of the product DMAB which is accompanied by the selective enhancement of the characteristic Raman signals

Study on Physically-based Fluid Animation and Interaction Techinques

流体（液体和气体）现象充斥于我们的日常生活当中，我们不可能脱离我们周围的大气环境和水环境，它们是人们生活中极为重要的组成部分。因此流体现象的真实感模拟对于虚拟现实、影视特效以及电子游戏等，具有极为重要的意义，而流体动画一直以来都是计算机图形学领域中的热点问题。随着计算机硬件性能的提升，人们对于流体动画的真实感要求越来越高，于是基于物理的流体模拟技术逐渐成为目前流体动画的主流技术。 在某一确定时刻，流体的外在特征（如形状、颜色和速度等可被人的视觉系统所感知的特征）完全由流体本身同它周围环境（如盛水的容器）之间所发生的相互作用来决定。我们称流体与周围环境之间的相互作用称为双方之间的交互（interaction）。不同的交互，决定了不同的流体运动，因此，基于物理的流体动画，就是对不同的交互进行真实感模拟。 尽管人们对烟雾、火焰和水等常见的流体交互现象，已经进行了非常逼真的模拟，但现实世界中的流体现象千变万化，依然有许多重要的流体交互现象等待着我们去模拟，从而进一步完善我们对现实世界的计算机再现。另一方面，基于物理的方法大都求解费时，难以运用到对模拟速度要求较高的领域，如电子游戏、虚拟现实等，因此在满足视觉要求的前提下，研究高效的交互模拟技术，就显得尤为重要。本文以基于物理的计算机流体动画作为研究目标，采用高效物理模型和高效求解手段，对目前甚少涉足的重要流体交互现象进行研究，从而满足众多应用领域的需求。 针对这一课题，本文着重研究以下三个方面：第一，液体与周围环境的交互研究，着重于水和所流过表面的交互；第二，液体与液体之间的交互，即液体混合物的模拟；第三，作为本文补充，我们对现有骨架提取算法提出一种改进算法，来矫正存在的缺陷。 本文算法的主要贡献和创新点在于如下工作： &#61692; 首次将二元Lattice Boltzmann（LB）模型引入到计算机图形学领域，来模拟液体混合物的流体动画。液体之间的扩散现象和分离现象被分开考虑，因此可以统一处理互溶的和不互溶的液体混合物，并且各液体成分的粘性，以及成分之间的扩散性，可以分开调节而不互相影响。另外，我充分发挥LB模型的并行性，在图形显卡上对该模型进行加速，使得对于中等规模的场景，能够进行实时模拟。 &#61692; 受到声速限制，二元LB模型只能稳定求解低速流（层流，低雷诺数Re<100）的情形，如果速度升高，流场中的湍流特征增加（而这是现实世界中经常存在的），该方法就不能实现稳定求解。因此，我们将Sub-grid模型扩展到二元LB模型当中，大大地改善了该方法的稳定性，使之能够对于更大雷诺数的流场进行稳定求解。 &#61692; 混合物的自由表面，实际上是三种流体（两种液体成分和空气）之间的交互，伴随自由表面运动的流场雷诺数常常要大大超过100。采用上述改进模型，就可以对液体混合物的自由表面进行模拟，我们实现了蜂蜜滴入水中的模拟。并且，常用的流体控制策略，也可以引入到液体混合物的模拟中来，我们实现了蜂蜜可以在水中呈现出马的形状。另外，由于LB模型需要耗费大量内存，我们充分利用了Cache技术来优化内存调度，还利用多线程技术，使得我们的算法能够充分利用目前流行的多核CPU系统。通过这些技术，我们可以对较大场景实现实时计算。 &#61692; 首次在计算机图形学领域将表面流体的运动和表面形态的湿度变化结合起来，以模拟流体流经不同介质表层所产生的复杂真实效果. 对于潮湿的表面采用物体表面对水的实际吸收量作为控制因子来表现其不同程度的湿润情形. 同时模拟了整个表层污物的输运以及侵蚀和沉积过程. &#61692; 对于一些复杂3D模型，大多数骨架抽取算法所产生的骨架都存在偏离中心和冗余分支的缺陷，这些缺陷使得骨架在被应用之前，需要一定的手工调整，甚至根本不可用而需要重新生成。针对这种情况，本文提出了一种矫正算法，去除这些缺陷，使得结果骨架能够被直接应用到角色动画等当中。该算法思想可以应用于所有骨架提取算法，且效率很高，其计算量只占整个算法的2％左右。Fluid (liquid and gas) exists everywhere, and it plays a very important role in our daily life. People are unable to leave the environment with atmosphere and water surrounded. Therefore, realistic simulation of fluid phenomenon becomes crucial for virtual reality, special effects in movies, games, etc. Besides, fluid animation is always a hot topic in computer graphics. With the improvement of computer hardwares, people have ever growing demand for the quality of fluid animation. Consequently, physically-based fluid simulation increasingly becomes the main stream for fluid animation. At a certain moment, the appearance of a fluid, including the shape, color, velocity and other perceivable characters, is totally determined by the complicated interplay between the fluid and its surroundings, such as the water container. The interplay is specially denoted as the interaction of the two sides. Different interactions characterize different fluid motions. Therefore, the physically-based fluid simulation can be regarded as the interaction simulation accordingly, and the relative techniques can be called interaction techniques. Although people have made vivid simulations on some common fluid interactions, like smoke, fire and water, fluid phenomenon around the world is changing all the time, and there are still a lot of important fluid interactions un-simulated, which are waiting for us to simulate so that we can further improve the visualization of the real world by computers. In addition, running most physically-based methods is so time-consuming that it is quite difficult to apply them to the areas where high efficiency is demanded, like in games, virtual reality, etc. Therefore, under the condition of meeting human’s visual requirements, it is quite important to study highly efficient interaction simulation techniques. In the thesis, the primary investigation mainly focuses on the fluid animation with the physically-based methods. In particular, we study on those un-explored yet important fluid interactions with the physical model and the related numerical solution techniques with improved performance. In this way, it can help to satisfy the varying needs from industries. Aiming at this target, the paper covers the following three aspects: firstly, the interaction between liquid and its surrounding, especially the interaction between water and the surface that the water flows; secondly, the interaction between liquid and liquid, which is the simulation of liquid mixtures; thirdly, as for the supplement for the paper, we propose an improved algorithm based on the existing skeleton extraction method, so as to correct the existing defects. The main contributions and innovations of the paper are in the following aspects: &#61692; For the first time, we introduce the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model into the graphics to simulate the liquid mixture. The diffusing and separating phenomenon between liquids are separately considered. Therefore, we can deal with the miscible and immiscible liquid mixtures. The viscosities of different liquids and the diffusivity of the mixture can be separately adjusted without influencing each other. Besides, we take advantage of the parallelism of LB model and speed up its running on GPU. As a result, we can do real time simulation for middle scale enviroment. &#61692; Constrained by the speed of the sound, LB model can only be applied to laminar flow(with lower Reynolds number). If the fluid flows faster and more turbulence appears in the flow, as widely seen in the real world, the method will blow up and fail to complete the simulation. Therefore, we extend the Sub-grid model from single fluid LB model to our two fluid LB model, which greatly improves the stability of the method and helps to realize the stable simulation on more turbulent mixture flow with much higher Reynolds number. In addition, for speeding up our methods on CPU, we take advantage of the cache in modern computers to improve the usage of the main memory as LB methods are always memory intensive. We also employ the multi-thread techniques to make the best use of modern multi-core systems. &#61692; The free surface of mixtures actually includes the interactions among three phases(two liquids and the air), and it is always accompanied with higher Reynolds number. With the improved model above, we can simulate the free surface of the liquid mixture, like in the simulation where we have done on the honey dropping into the water. In addition, the common fluid control strategy is introduced into the liquid mixture, as seen from our test example with an animation of the dissolving honey gradually changed into a honey horse in water. &#61692; First ever attempt has been made on coupling the on-surface flow with water absorption to control the rendering of wetting effects, with stains transportation, erosion and deposition also incorporated into the on-surface flow. &#61692; Another investigation is for some complicated 3D models, the skeletons created previously by most of the existing skeleton extraction methods have a problem of the deviation from center and the redundant branches produced, and as a result, much manual adjustment has to be done before their further application could be made. Sometimes even worse that they might be unusable so that a recreation process should be made. To solve the problem, we propose a rectification method, so that our resulting skeleton can be directly applied to the further applications, such as character animation. The idea of our rectification method can be easily applied to all other skeleton extraction methods with high efficiency. The rectification takes up less than 2% of the time for extracting the initial skeleton by existing techniques

用于均匀出气的气体分配器

本实用新型涉及一种用于均匀出气的气体分配器,其一般设置在化学气相淀积设备上的进气段,用来为反应室提供均匀一致的进气。该气体分配器包括相互连通的至少一路进气管和二个以上密闭气体分配腔,所述进气管和气体分配腔沿气流运行方向依次固定连接,相邻两个气体分配腔之间藉一连接壁相互间隔,且所述连接壁面上分布一个以上配气孔。通过调整各体分配腔的高度或长度、各连接壁面上配气孔的排布位置和孔径大小,可使最终的出气流速相等。本实用新型结构简单,易于加工,便于组装维护,成本低廉,可为反应室提供均匀一致的进气,保证化学气相淀积设备进气的均匀性和一致性,利于薄膜的均匀生长

physically based fluid simulation in computer animation

基于物理的流体模拟近年来成为计算机动画领域的一个研究热点.回顾了该领域中基于物理的流体模拟的发展情况,总结了该研究方向所采用的各类方法,并结合各种现象的特点分门别类地详细展开.其方法总体上可以分为欧拉法和拉格朗日法,涉及的现象包括烟雾、火焰、爆炸、波浪、气泡以及自由运动界面等.最后展望了未来发展的3个重点:细节策略、加速策略和控制策略,以使整个模拟能够更好地满足人们对真实感、实时性以及灵活性的需求

binary mixtures simulation based on lattice boltzmann method

引入了一种二元Lattice Boltzmann Model(LBM),实现了两种液体组成的混合流的模拟.不同于其它的类似模型,它区分考虑了流体的粘性和扩散特性,可以很容易地模拟各种互溶或者不互溶的混合流现象.此外,由于LBM的运算大都是线性的局部运算,这使得它很容易在可编程图形处理器(Graphics Process Unit,GPU)上进行加速,从而进行实时模拟.给出了若干二元混合流的模拟结果