馬鈴薯輪腐病菌之特性與血清診斷法

從台灣豐原、神岡一帶所分離的馬鈴薯輪腐病菌19個菌株，除對少數碳水化合物產酸 能力有差異外，對其他所測之生理生化特性均無差異。所有菌株在68項所測之特性中 有42項為負反應，所有菌株具有之特性為革蘭氏陽性細菌，好氣性，不具游動性，耐 度3%，生長須要生長素，能產生 acetoin，具有過氧化氫放氧酵素和氧化酵素，可 水解七葉樹 ，能還原石蕊牛奶，也可利用蔗糖產生還原糖，從果糖，葡萄糖，棉子 糖及甘露醇中可產生酸，能利用醋酸 檸酸 ，延胡索酸 、葡萄糖酸 、蘋果酸及 琥珀酸。 輪腐病菌在Tryptose培養基上之生長速率緩慢，其對數生長期很長，生長溫度以18∼ 26度為佳，最適宜的溫度則為20∼22度，生長PH值範圍6.0∼8.0最適宜的PH則在 6.5 ∼7.0 。輪腐病菌除為害馬鈴薯外部份菌株接種於番茄上，外可引起植株之萎凋。在 馬鈴薯植株莖部接種，病徵於20∼25天出現，在塊莖上接種，則於40∼45天後才出現 。 馬鈴薯輪腐病菌經glutar aldehyde 固定處理後，所誘導的抗血清，以不同血清方法 來測定對純粹培養之輪腐病菌的靈敏度。發現凝聚法的靈敏度為2×10 ∼2×10 cel- ls／ml，瓊脂雙重擴散法為2×10 ∼2×10 cells／ml ，而酵素結合抗體法 (ELISA) 則為1×10 cells／ml ，以此三種方法測定，抗輪腐病菌之血清與其他供試的植物病 原細菌間均無血清反應。以革蘭氏染色法最低可以體測到2×10 cells／ml 濃度之輪 腐病菌。 在ELISA 試驗中，使用10ug／ml的免疫球蛋白及稀釋200 倍之免疫球蛋白酵素結合體 ，產生的反應效果最好，以此組合，利用ELISA 偵測馬鈴薯塊茗內之輪腐菌時，發現 由13株罹病植株所產生的44個塊莖中，除2 個無病徵者為負反應外，其餘不論有無病 徵，均呈正反應，在無病徵不同一塊莖中，以維管束根端組織的反應吸收值最高，比 較ELISA 凝聚法，細菌分離法和革蘭氏染色法來診斷馬鈴薯種薯內是否帶有病菌，結 果發現在供試30個種薯中，以ELISA 測定有 4個正反應，凝聚法有 1個為正反應，而 革蘭氏染色法有 8個正反應，但以細菌分離法測定，均無病原菌菌落出現

Control strategies and the implementation of important crop diseases and the future prospects of plant protection in Taiwan

防檢局針對12種境外重要檢疫線蟲、細菌及病毒進行偵察調查，並依據防治標準作業流程，啟動相關之緊急防治措施；針對國內14種重大作物病害則進行主動監測調查，並將發布的警報透過農委會「田邊好幫手」之傳真及手機簡訊，即時傳送相關單位及農民注意防範。另為協助農民解決重大作物病害防治及安全用藥問題，針對國內重大病害如水稻稻熱病及洋香瓜病毒病等，除依據監測調查資料籲請農民注意防範外，並強化農民組訓教育、示範宣導及推動共同防治等工作。積極推動果樹、蔬菜及茶等18種作物病害整合性防治示範工作，辦理安全用藥宣導教育講習超過200場。而為防範重要病害藉由種子種苗傳播蔓延，除強制實施火鶴花特定疫病蟲害檢查外，陸續擬訂蘭花、蔬菜及果樹等7種作物之種子種苗病毒驗證作業須知，積極推廣種子種苗驗證觀念。在植物防疫人才培訓方面，防檢局舉辦文旦、水稻病蟲害、洋香瓜病毒病害、柑橘類與草莓病蟲害及栽培管理教育訓練，2010年參與人數約200人，期提升第一線植物防疫人員及農民田間生產管理、病蟲害診斷鑑定、防治及用藥能力。為強化作物病害監測及防治體系，未來應在現有的基礎與成果上，順應國際趨勢的發展，縝密規劃作物病害施政重點策略，持續改善各項防疫缺失並提升相關防疫技術，加強國際疫情資訊蒐集，及適時增修訂相關法規，以落實安全農業措施，確保農業之永續發展與農產品的衛生安全及消費者的健康。 Twelve important quarantine pests of crops, including nematodes, bacteria and viruses, were placed under detection survey by the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ), and emergency measures based on the standard operation procedure for eradication would be initiated if any one of the above pests was found. In addition, fourteen domestic important crop diseases were monitored actively, and the occurrences of the 14 diseases collected from the monitoring survey which may indicate the potential threat to crops would be transmitted instantly via the gricultural communication platform “Farmer’s Good Hands ”, which set up by the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, by using facsimile or Short Message Service (SMS) to inform farmers or agriculture related services for preventing diseases from spreading. To assist farmers in solving problems of pesticide residues and important crop diseases, for example, the rice blast and the viral diseases of melon, the BAPHIQ has implemented a pest alert system using monitoring survey data, strengthened educational programs for farmers to obtain information on disease management and pesticides, and demonstrated an area-wide coordinated control model for melon diseases prevention. For promoting integrated pest management (IPM) in controlling diseases on 18 economically important crops such as fruit, vegetable and tea, more than 200 training courses on how to use pesticide safely and properly were conducted for farmers and agencies from plant protection services. To prevent seed- and seedling-borne diseases from spreading, a mandatory seedling inspection program has been carried out on anthurium since 2000, also the requirements of seven other voluntary seed and seedling certification systems including Phalaenopsis orchids, vegetables and fruits, have been promulgated by BAPHIQ to promote the awareness on use of certified seeds and seedlings. In 2010, the BAPHIQ organized several pest management workshops on shaddock, rice, melon, citrus and strawberry for about 200 persons from agricultural extension services to enhance their capability on crop production practices, pest and disease diagnosis, control method and pesticides. To accomplish the policy goals of BAPHIQ in establishing a sound system of plant health inspection and quarantine, the strategies on crop protection should be carefully adjusted to align with the international trends, including the improvement of the efficiency of the system on monitoring and controlling of the important crop diseases, strengthening the employment of integrated control measures against crop diseases and continuously developing new technology for better control methods. Besides, efforts on collecting information of global crop epidemics, exchanging experiences in the prevention of the spread of diseases through international cooperation and amending plant protection laws and regulations timely would also be necessary to safeguard agricultural products and consumer’s health and ensure sustainable agriculture

Policy on the management of insect-borne plant diseases

由昆蟲媒介的蟲媒作物病害，近年來在臺灣的發生有逐漸加劇之現象，國內此類蟲媒病害之病原菌以病毒與細菌為主，少數為真菌及其他病原菌，又媒介此類病原菌之昆蟲多屬於小型害蟲，包括薊馬、蚜蟲、粉蝨與葉蟬等，其具有世代短、隱匿性高、遷飛能力強及易產生抗藥性等特性。臺灣因地處亞熱帶及熱帶地區，此類媒介昆蟲的族群數量龐大，不僅活動範圍廣且繁殖力強，農民如要同時 防治病害與蟲害，或當媒介昆蟲不是該項作物之主要害物時，蟲害防治容易遭忽略，而未能即時阻斷傳播途徑，均提高蟲媒病害防疫工作之困難度。國內所發生之洋香瓜病毒病、柑桔黃龍病及番茄斑點萎凋病等重大蟲媒病害，均增加農民於農作物生產上之防治成本與風險，甚至造成嚴重疫情，嚴重影響產業及農民收益至鉅。針對此類重大蟲媒病害，防檢局研擬相關疫情管理策略，包括：疫情監測 與組織分工、整合性防治技術開發、組訓農民與示範宣導、種子種苗病害檢查規範訂定、國際疫情資訊蒐集與法規防治等，期能協助農民並強化蟲媒病害防疫體系，除於第一線的檢疫把關外，並與第二線之防疫措施緊密配合，未來更應在現有的基礎與成果上，順應國際趨勢的發展，加強國際疫情資訊蒐集，適時增修訂相關法規，以落實生物安全農業措施，並在健全植物保護體系政策下，強化與各植物保護單位之分工，且縝密規劃作物病害施政重點策略，持續改善各項防疫缺失並提升相關防疫技術，以確保國內生產環境安全及農業之永續發展，維護農產品的衛生安全及消費者的健康。 In recent years,Crop diseases vectored by the insects have gradually become serious in Taiwan. We found that the causing organisms spread via this mechanism were viruses and bacteria mainly, with small proportions of fungi, nematodes and other micro-organisms. Insects which carrying these pathogens are mostly belonged to the group of small insects,such as thrips, aphids,whiteflies and leafhoppers.They shared common characteristics including short generation, strong hiding and flying ability, and easily produced resistant offsprings against pesticides. Taiwan is located between the subtropical and tropical regions, where inhabit a great number of insect vectors characterized being very active and fecund, under such complicated and difficult circumstance, farmers are forced to face both the threat of the diseases and their vectors, when the insect vector is not the major pest of the crop, farmers always ignore the existence of the vectors, hence the insect-borne diseases prevail in certain local areas. For example, currently the local outbreaks of muskmelon virus diseases, citrus huanglongbing, and tomato spotted wilt disease had increased the costs of pest control and the risks on crop production, and even impacted the local agriculture industry. To deal with the issue on the control of major insect-borne diseases, BAPHIQ conduct the management programs including plant pests and diseases monitoring, task assignment, IPM technology development, farmers training and demonstration symposium, seed or seedling disease certification, collection of information on international epidemic situations, and regulations control etc., to assist farmers in crop production, and to strengthen insect-borne disease control system. The efforts of quarantine and plant protection measures should be integrated to tackle the problems. In the future, we should not only base on the existing of foundation and results to shape the plant protection policies that conform to the international trend and standards, but also strengthen the gathering of international epidemic information to timely amend related regulations for implementation of agricultural security. Finally, the sound and complete plant protection system will be established. By thoughtfully planning the priority of policy for management of crop diseases, ongoing improving the problems of epidemic prevention measures and non-stop upgrade of related disease control technology, the goal will be achieved for better ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture and security of domestic agricultural production environment as well as the food safety and the consumer health