The all-particle spectrum of primary cosmic rays in the wide energy range from 10^14 eV to 10^17 eV observed with the Tibet-III air-shower array

We present an updated all-particle energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays in a wide range from 10^14 eV to 10^17 eV using 5.5 times 10^7 events collected in the period from 2000 November through 2004 October by the Tibet-III air-shower array located at 4300 m above sea level (atmospheric depth of 606 g/cm^2). The size spectrum exhibits a sharp knee at a corresponding primary energy around 4 PeV. This work uses increased statistics and new simulation calculations for the analysis. We performed extensive Monte Carlo calculations and discuss the model dependences involved in the final result assuming interaction models of QGSJET01c and SIBYLL2.1 and primary composition models of heavy dominant (HD) and proton dominant (PD) ones. Pure proton and pure iron primary models are also examined as extreme cases. The detector simulation was also made to improve the accuracy of determining the size of the air showers and the energy of the primary particle. We confirmed that the all-particle energy spectra obtained under various plausible model parameters are not significantly different from each other as expected from the characteristics of the experiment at the high altitude, where the air showers of the primary energy around the knee reaches near maximum development and their features are dominated by electromagnetic components leading to the weak dependence on the interaction model or the primary mass. This is the highest-statistical and the best systematics-controlled measurement covering the widest energy range around the knee energy region.Comment: 19 pages, 20 figures, accepted by Ap

Memory for actions and reality monitoring in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Reality monitoring is the cognitive process of distinguishing between internally and externally generated information sources such as imagined and performed actions. The purpose of this study was to examine self-self-monitoring with action in people with autism, which has not been examined previously, using subject performed tasks along with free recall and recognition. Twenty adults with ASD and 20 adults with typical development (TD) participated in this study. Participants memorized action sentences such as “write in pencil” and “under imagined, pantomime, or enacted conditions.” Free recall, yes/no recognition, and reality monitoring tests were conducted immediately after and one week later. There was no difference in reality monitoring between the ASD and TD groups. The free recall and recognition performance of the ASD group was lower than that of the TD group. The results of the present study support the previously reported finding of unimpaired retrospective mechanisms of sense of agency related to reality monitoring in people with ASD. Moreover, low levels of free recall and recognition were discussed regarding difficulties in memory reconstruction and consolidation

Study on the Efficient Use of Industrial by Products in the Fabrication of Concrete - Suitability as Aerated Mortar -

It has been indicated that three kinds of industrial wastes were recycled for aggregate of concrete materials, Test programs were examined concerning absorption and release properties of moisture, and pull out resistance of nail and impact strength and heat insulation as using aerated mortar. According to the results, the efficient use of industrial wastes was confirmed by some tests. For example according to heat insulation property, it was more effective than when concrete was not mixed with industrial wastes