The Study of Job Stress and Satisfaction in Taiwan Water Corporation

台灣自來水公司負責供應民生與工業用水，兼負政策性、社會性、責任性之任務，瞭解台灣自來水公司員工工作壓力與滿意度之差異性情形，將有助於量足質優之穩定供水，為本研究之動機。 本研究旨在探討台灣自來水公司員工感受工作壓力與工作滿意之情況。主要研究目的為下列幾項：一、瞭解台灣自來水公司員工感受工作壓力之情形；二、瞭解台灣自來水公司員工所感覺的工作滿意程度；三、比較不同背景變項之台灣自來水公司員工所感受之工作壓力與滿意度差異情形。 本研究以台灣自來水公司員工為母體，以分層隨機抽樣抽取1,000位員工為研究對象，採用問卷調查方式，以研究者自編之「台灣自來水公司員工工作壓力與滿意度」問卷為調查工具，回收問卷938份，有效問卷為887份，可用率為94.56％。並以描述統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析等方法進行統計分析，結果獲致下列結論： 一、台灣自來水公司員工感受工作壓力的平均得分為2.59，屬中等偏低程度；其工作壓力層面的平均得分，由高至低依序為組織結構與氣氛、生涯與成就、工作本身與人際關係得分相同、個人角色扮演。 二、台灣自來水公司員工感受工作滿意的平均得分為3.39，屬中等偏高程度；其工作滿意層面的平均得分，由高至低依序為：工作夥伴、直屬上司、工作認同、陞遷、薪資報酬。 三、不同年齡、婚姻狀況、學歷、服務年資、工作地點等五項在工作壓力相關構面間存有顯著差異；不同性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、學歷、職務類別、服務年資、工作地點等七項在工作滿意相關構面間存有顯著差異。 本研究依據前揭研究發現及結論，分別對實務界及後續研究者提出建議，以為參考。Taiwan Water Corporation is not only responsible for people''s livelihood and industrial water supply but also undertaking political, social and liable tasks. The purpose of this study is to find out the differences in job stress and job satisfaction among Taiwan Water Corporation staff so as to benefit from them and ensure stable quantity and quality water supply. This study aims to explore the levels of job stress and job satisfaction among Taiwan Water Corporation staff. The main purposes of this study are as follows: First, understand the levels of job stress among Taiwan Water Corporation staff. Second, understand the levels of job satisfaction among Taiwan Water Corporation staff. Third, compare the effect of background variables on job stress and job satisfaction among Taiwan Water Corporation staff. To achieve the goals, the study applied questionnaire method. The study subjects were Taiwan Water Corporation staff. 1,000 employees were chosen via stratified random selection, which could be considered as a sample for the study. Further more, a self-designed questionnaire over “Job stress and job satisfaction among Taiwan Water Corporation staff” was adopted in the study. 938 questionnaires were returned, 887 were valid responses, and the available rate was up to 94.56%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis method, etc. The main findings of this study are summarized as follows: First, the average score of job stress among Taiwan Water Corporation staff reached 2.59, which ranked medium-low level; the detailed scores of job stress listed in descending order were as follows: organization structure and atmosphere, personal career and achievements, the work itself and interpersonal relationship (with the same score), and individual role play. Second, the average score of job satisfaction among Taiwan Water Corporation staff reached 3.39, which ranked medium-high level; the detailed scores of job satisfaction in descending order were as follows: work partners, immediate supervisor, work recognition, promotion, and salary compensation. Third, there were significant differences existed among variables of age, marital status, educational background, length of service, and work location on job stress of the staff; there were also dramatic differences existed among variables of gender, age, marital status, educational background, job type, years of service, and work location on job satisfaction of the staff. According to the research findings and the conclusions summarized from the present study, the applicable suggestions are proposed to practitioners and future researchers for reference.第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的 5 第三節 研究問題 6 第四節 研究範圍與流程 7 第五節 章節安排 10 第二章 文獻探討 11 第一節 工作壓力的理論性探討 11 第二節 工作滿意度的理論性探討 22 第三章 研究設計與實施 29 第一節 研究架構與操作性定義 29 第二節 研究假設 33 第三節 研究對象 34 第四節 研究工具 36 第五節 研究實施 42 第六節 資料處理 43 第四章 資料分析與討論 45 第一節 描述性統計分析 45 第二節 推論性統計分析 60 第五章 結論與建議 83 第一節 研究發現 83 第二節 研究建議 86 第三節 未來研究方向 87 參考書目 89 附 錄 93 附錄一 工作壓力項目總和統計量表 93 附錄二 工作滿意度項目總和統計量表 95 附錄三 問卷調查表（預試問卷） 97 附錄四 問卷調查表（正式問卷） 10

Genetic diversity of Sipunculus nudus along the coasts of China

为科学保护和开发我国光裸方格星虫自然资源,本研究以cytb基因全长为分子标记分析了山东烟台、福建古雷、香港、海南儋州、海南陵水、广西东兴6个光裸; 方格星虫群体的遗传多样性。结果显示,203个个体共检出128个单倍型,299个多态位点,核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性分别为0.0488和0.977; 3,且变异主要来自群体间(88.4%)。6个光裸方格星虫群体间遗传分化指数(F_(st))分析结果显示,南方5个群体间F_(st)0.15,群体间呈高度分化。中性检验(Fu's; Fs、Tajima's; D)结果为负值,北方群体和南方群体的核苷酸错配分布图为单峰,单倍型网络分布图为以主单倍型为中心的放射状结构。用203条cytb序列构建的系统发育; 树显示,烟台群体聚为一个进化支,南方群体聚为一个进化支。研究表明,中国沿海的光裸方格星虫群体在历史上经历过大规模群体扩张,但目前遗传多样性较低,; 说明光裸方格星虫对环境变化的适应能力较差,应加强野生资源的保护,在进化关系上,烟台群体与其他5个群体之间存在较大的遗传分化,但是否已经形成隐秘种; 仍需进一步的研究。Sipunculus nudus resources have been seriously damaged in the recent; years due to overfishing and habitat destruction. Protecting natural; resources of S. nudus has become more and more urgent. In this paper,; genetic structure and population differentiation of S. nudus from 6; localities along the coasts of China were analyzed based on sequences of; mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Complete mitochondrial cytb sequences; from 203 individuals of S. nudus were analyzed, 299 polymorphic sites; and 128 haplotypes were identified and the nucleotide diversity and; haplotypes diversity were 0.0488 and 0.9773, respectively. The variation; among populations (accounting for 88.4%) was the main source of; variation. According to differentiation index (F_(st)) in populations of; S. nudus, the 5 populations in the south of Yantai showed no significant; differences or low differences, with F_(st)0.15.; Fu's Fs and Tajima's D were negative. Figures of mismatch distribution; were unimodal. Haplotype network was radial structure centering on main; haplotype. NJ phylogenetic tree of S. nudus based on 203 sequences of; cytb of mtDNA revealed that these 6 populations were divided into 2; clades, one clade was Yantai population and the other clade included the; rest 5 populations in the south of Yantai. All these results revealed; that S. nudus population had experienced a large-scale population; expansion in history, and the relatively low genetic diversity of S.; nudus now suggested that the ability of S. nudus to adapt to; environmental changes was poor and some measures should be taken to; protect S. nudus resources. Phylogenetic tree suggested Yantai; population was distinct from the other 5 populations, but whether Yantai; population has become a cryptic species still needs further research.国家自然科学基金; 海洋公益性行业科研专项; 海洋经济创新发展区域示范项

产量与经济效益共赢的高效生态农业模式:以弘毅生态农场为例

化学物质的大量投入以及元素不能循环导致农田生态系统退化,耕地质量和产量均呈下降趋势,食物链受到污染.本研究从低产田开始,通过秸秆养牛、腐熟牛粪还田恢复地力;以物理+生物方法控制虫害;以人工+机械管理杂草,停用农药、化肥和除草剂,同时不用地膜、人工合成激素、转基因种子生产优质安全食品,并在线上与线下销售.10年的长期实验结果表明,所在村庄农田生态环境改善,减少农药用量58.3%;物理+生物控虫效果明显,每盏灯年捕获量从2009年的33 kg下降到2014年的2.1 kg,下降93.8%;年消耗秸秆1000 t,秸秆利用率从1.1%提高到62.5%.有机肥还田提高了土壤生物多样性,有机果园蚯蚓数量317条m~(-2),而普通果园只有16条m~(-2);大量有机肥还田(75 t hm~(-2)),土壤有机质从实验初期的0.7%提高到2.4%.粮食产量从最初的11.43 t hm~(-2)提高到目前的17.43 t hm~(-2),其中冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、夏玉米(Zea mays)、大豆(Glycine max(Linn.)Merr.)和花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)产量分别超出山东省平均水平42.6%,60.9%,32.2%和38.1%.由于质量好,产品已销售往除西藏以外的30个省、市、自治区,经济效益明显,平均每公顷效益是普通农田的3~5倍,带动所在村庄67户农民从事高效生态农业.本研究可为国家制定生态农业发展规划、精准扶贫、农村环境保护等提供科学依据