On the Relationship between the Right of Claim and the Obligatory Right -- Searching after the Systematic Logic Lost in the Historical Evolution

请求权与债权概念是民法史上的两大杰作，但二者在关系上的混淆却成为德国法族民法上不可回避的重要问题。本文旨在提出、分析和解决这一问题。除引言和结语之外，全文分为三章。第一章为“请求权与债权之关系的混淆现状”，亦即提出问题部分。本章基于对《德国民法典》第194条第1款和第241条第1款的请求权与债权概念法定定义的分析，将二者关系存在混淆的问题暴露出来。进而对旨在解决这一问题的同一说和区分说逐一介评，指出它们都无以将此问题解决在《德国民法典》体系之内。由此而提出，请求权与债权之关系的混淆是《德国民法典》的一处硬伤，亦是以《德国民法典》为主要继受对象的我国民法中一个亟待解决的问题。第二章为“请求权与债...The right of claim and the obligatory right are two masterpieces in the history of civil law, but the confusion of their relationship has been a serious problem that we should envisage. This article aims to put forward, analyze and resolve this problem. Except for the foreword and concluding remarks, this article is divided into three parts: The first chapter is focused on “the confused actuality ...学位：法学博士院系专业：法学院法律系_民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)学号：B20040801

On the Definition of “Medical Injury”

关于“损害”的界定,传统民法学上的三种理论即“利益说”、“组织说”和“事实说”各有其利弊,应当综合运用三者加以判断。关于“医疗损害”的界定,我国学者将“因果关系”的界定纳入其中,人为地导致了问题的复杂化,且与损害赔偿责任构成要件理论、对“损害”的界定以及相关立法对举证责任的规定相矛盾。“医疗损害”应当界定为“患者在接受医疗服务过程中所遭受的不利益的事实”。Considering the existed theories in traditional civil law science “the theory of interest", “the theory of organization” and “the theory of fact” all have their own advantages and disadvantages, the definition of “injury" should be determined by comprehensively applying these theories. Concerning the definition of “medical injury", Chinese scholars take the definition of “casuality" into account, complicate this problem artificially and produce the contradictions between the definition and the theory of the important constructive conditions of the responsibility of compensation for injury, the definition of “injury” and the pertinent legislative provisions about the burden of producing evidence. “Medical injury” should be defined as “the fact of negative interest incurred during the course of accepting the medical service.

请求权分类的理论证成与实效分析

对请求权进行分类,是基于澄清这一概念在理论上的混乱而运用分析实证主义法学的方法对之加以体系化整理的需要。整理的结果乃是基础性请求权与救济性请求权的划分,其证成的理论根据则在于义务与责任的区分理论。这两类有着不同的性质与特征的请求权的区分,对于消除请求权概念体系内部的混乱以及澄清其与相关概念之间的混淆,尤其是正确认识请求权与债权之关系,具有非常重要的意义

合同解除标的理论之反思与重构

传统理论认为合同解除的标的是有效成立的合同,与合同解除权以及其他合同救济手段的存在根据相矛盾,从而致使合同解除制度陷入逻辑困境。合同解除的标的应当重构为基础性合同权利义务关系,将救济性合同权利义务关系排除在外。同时,该解除针对的并非合同关系本身,乃是合同关系之效力

台湾制造业的发展及存在的问题分析

台湾制造业在半个世纪的发展历程中，经历了劳动密集型和资本、技术密集型的发展阶段，产生了资讯、半导体、电脑硬件设备等明星产业，为台湾经济的发展做出了突出的贡献。从20世纪80年代起，台湾制造业就坚定了走发展高科技产业的道路，以迎接日趋激烈的国际竞争。本文就台湾制造业的发展历程和特点以及目前存在的问题进行讨论

On the Theoretical Errors of the Relationship between the Claim and the Credit

对于请求权与债权在《德国民法典》中的实质一致性界定所导致的混淆,传统上以二者实质一致且系一般与特殊关系的解释将导致诸多理论困惑,各种标准下的区分学说也因存在各种缺陷而不足以根本解决问题。我国未来制定民法典时,应当走出这些理论误区。As to the confusion of "claim" and "credit" which is resulted from the substantially coincident definitions in German Civil Law,the traditional interpretation which takes them for not only substantially coincident but also the generalspecial relationship will lead to so much theoretic bepuzzlement.And the theories of differentiation basing on different criterions can not resolve this problem entirely because of their flaws.These theoretic errors should be avoided in our codification

Analysis on the Conflicts of Traditional Reconciliation Legislations

自罗马法以来,民法上之和解制度便存在着矛盾。在罗马法、德国民法上,表现为和解的契约效力与其纠纷解决的立法目的之间的矛盾;在法国民法上,则表现为和解的契约性质与其具有终审判决之既判力以及与此相应的直接强制执行力之间的矛盾。因此,我国在未来制定民法典时,检讨传统民法上的和解制度,使和解的性质与效力取得一致而不至于导致其作为纠纷解决机制的立法目的落空,是一个不可不察的理论问题。Since the Roman law,the systems of reconciliation in civil laws have had some conflicts.In Roman law and German civil law,the conflicts in reconciliation system are between the contractual efficacy and the legislative intention of resolving disputes.In France civil law,they are between the contractual character and its having the unchangeableness of judgment and correspondingly having the direct enforcement powers.Therefore,during the course of establishing our own civil code in the future,it is an important theoretical problem that we should analyze the systems of reconciliation in traditional civil law so that make the reconciliation's character be consistent with its efficacy and prevent the failure of its legislative intention as an mechanism of resolving disputes

On the Characteristic of the Claim of Restoring the Original Status Resulted from Rescinding Contracts——A research based on the choice of the transferring mode of real rights

就合同解除后恢复原状请求权的性质,旧有的学说大都在理论逻辑上难以自圆其说或者失之偏颇。对此问题不能一概而论,而应当结合物权变动模式的选择以及合同解除的标的详加分析。在意思主义和债权形式主义的物权变动模式下,该请求权为物权性质的所有物返还请求权;在物权形式主义的物权变动模式下,则视合同解除的标的而定:若解除的是物权合同,该请求权仍为物权性质的所有物请求权,若解除的是债权合同,该请求权则为债权性质的不当得利返还请求权。As far as the characteristic of the claim of restoring the original status resulted from rescinding contracts is concerned, the traditional doctrines almost can not justify themselves or have prejudices. This problem should not be judged according to the same standard, but be detailedly analyzed considering the transferring mode of real rights and the object of rescinding contracts. Grounding on the ism of intentions and ism of formations of credit rights, the claim is the one of returning belongings. Grounding on the ism of formations of real rights, the claim's characteristic rests with the object of rescinding contracts: if what is rescinded is the contract of credit rights, the claim is also the one of returning belongings; and if what is rescinded is the contract of real rights, the claim is the one of returning the unjust enrichment

Using spherical indentation to determine creep behavior with considering empirical friction coefficient

Indentation testing is a common technique for characterizing the mechanical properties of materials. When it comes to assessing the yield behavior of metals, conical indentation is often favored due to its ability to induce significant plastic deformation at relatively shallow indentation depths. On the other hand, spherical indentation is typically chosen for evaluating metal creep behavior, as it helps minimize the influence of plastic deformation on creep measurements. In spherical indentation tests, the friction at the contact interface is particularly crucial, given the larger contact area and more pronounced slip zones. However, accurately determining the friction coefficient at the contact interface is a complex multi-scale challenge, with the exact coefficient varying based on specific testing conditions and surface treatments. Consequently, empirical friction coefficients are frequently employed, often without thorough justification. In this work, we proposed Bayesian inference method for obtaining the creep constitutive behavior of alloys through spherical indentation tests. Our model considers not only the complexity of creep law, but also the indentation friction, which is unable to consider in most spherical indentation tests with traditional treatment. By using experimental data of spherical indentation tests on 310S stainless steel and pure nickel alloy from literature, present study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Bayesian inference approach, with the inferred constitutive models exhibiting well agreement with uniaxial creep behavior. Furthermore, the method considers the friction coefficient as an extra factor in inferring creep constitutive behavior from indentation tests