Infection Status and Influencing Factors of Human Papillomavirus in Patients with Condylomata Acuminata

目的了解我国内地尖锐湿疣（CA）患者的人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染状况,并探讨其影响因素。方法系统检索Pub Med、Science Direct Online、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网中关于我国内地CA患者HPV检测的文献,检索时间均为1990年1月—2013年12月。根据样本量对各文献HPV感染率进行加权合并,计算CA患者的HPV及各基因型合并感染率,并分析不同研究年份、研究地区CA患者的HPV合并感染率,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨CA患者感染/检出HPV的影响因素。结果共纳入文献67篇,累计CA患者10 757例,感染HPV 9 328例（86.7%）。CA患者的HPV合并感染率为95.7%〔95%CI（95.2%,96.2%）〕,其中合并感染率较高的前3种基因型为HPV6/11〔81.2%,95%CI（77.1%,85.2%）〕、HPV6〔43.8%,95%CI（35.2%,52.5%）〕、HPV11〔38.3%,95%CI（32.8%,43.8%）〕。1990—2003、2004—2013年CA患者的HPV合并感染率分别为96.6%〔95%CI（95.8%,97.5%）〕、94.6%〔95%CI（94.0%,95.3%）〕;东、中、西部患者的HPV合并感染率分别为95.1%〔95%CI（94.4%,95.7%）〕、91.7%〔95%CI（89.3%,94.1%）〕、96.5%〔95%CI（95.4%,97.6%）〕。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,研究年份、研究地区、标本类型、诊断方法是CA患者感染/检出HPV的影响因素（P〈0.05）。对不同基因型进行分析,结果显示,研究年份、研究地区、标本类型、诊断方法是CA患者感染/检出HPV6的影响因素,研究年份、研究地区为西部、标本类型、诊断方法是CA患者感染/检出HPV11的影响因素,研究地区为中部、标本类型是CA患者感染/检出HPV16的影响因素,研究地区、标本类型、诊断方法是CA患者感染/检出HPV18的影响因素（P〈0.05）。结论我国内地CA患者的HPV感染以HPV6、HPV11基因型为主,感染率近10年来有所下降,东部地区感染率较高。病理检查确诊、采用剥落细胞进行DNA检测,可以提高CA患者的HPV检出率。Objective To study the infection status of human papillomavirus（HPV） in patients with condylomata acuminata（CA） in mainland China and explore its influencing factors. Methods The literatures on HPV detection of CA patients in mainland China published between January 1990 and December 2013 were systematically retrieved from Pub Med,Science Direct Online, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, and the VIP database. According to the sample size,HPV infection rates of each literature were weighted and combined and the infection rates of HPV and the combined infection rate of each genotype of CA patients were calculated,and the combined infection rate of HPV of CA patients in different years and areas of study was analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors of CA patients infected / detected with HPV. Results A total of 67 literatures were included in the study. The number of CA patients accumulated to 10 757,and 9 328 cases（86. 7%） infected with HPV. The combined infection rate of HPV in patients with CA was 95. 7% 〔95% CI（95. 2%,96. 2%） 〕,and the top three genotypes with high infection rate were HPV6 /11 〔81. 2%,95% CI（77. 1%,85. 2%） 〕, HPV6 〔43. 8%,95% CI（35. 2%,52. 5%） 〕, HPV11〔38. 3%,95% CI（32. 8%,43. 8%） 〕. The combined infection rate of HPV in patients with CA between 1990 and 2003 and between 2004 and 2013 was 96. 6% 〔95% CI（95. 8%,97. 5%） 〕and 94. 6% 〔95% CI（94. 0%,95. 3%） 〕respectively;the combined infection rate of HPV of patients in eastern, middle and western areas was 95. 1% 〔95% CI（94. 4%,95. 7%） 〕,91. 7% 〔95% CI（89. 3%,94. 1%） 〕,and 96. 5% 〔95% CI（95. 4%,97. 6%） 〕respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the year of study,areas of study,type of specimen and methods of diagnosis significantly influenced the infection and detection of HPV in CA patients（P 0. 05）. After analyzing different genoty福建省自然科学基金青年项目（2014J05097

A Review of Patent Information Systems

专利是创新成果的重要载体,对专利资源的有效利用有助于打破信息壁垒,准确评估成果的创新性和价值,推动科技成果向生产力转化。专利信息系统可以提高工作效率和创新能力,完成专利数据收集、专利信息检索、专利技术挖掘和分析等工作。本文对专利信息系统的功能和分析算法进行了分类介绍,并结合典型系统进行展示和比较,同时提出专利信息系统面临的问题与挑战。As important carriers of innovation, patents are usuallyused to break information barriers, evaluate scientific achievements and drive the transforming from technical innovation to productivity asimportant carriers of innovations. Patent information can improve the innovation ability by increasing the working efficiency of searching and analyzing patent information. This review introduces the major functions and algorithms of patent information systems, and also presented and compared the representative systems. Moreover, the issues and challenges for patent information systems are discussed in this study.本研究得到科技部创新方法工作专项（No.2015IM020500）的资助

Nanobubbles in confined solution: Generation, contact angle, and stability

The formation of gas bubbles presents a frequent challenge to microfluidic operations, for which fluids are geometrically confined to a microscale space. Here, to understand the mechanism of nucleating gas bubbles in microfluidic devices, we investigate the formation and stability of nanobubbles in confined solutions. Our molecular dynamics simulations show that while pinning of the contact line is a prerequisite for the stability of surface nanobubbles in open systems that can exchange gas with surrounding environment, in confined solutions, stable nanobubbles can exist even without pinning. In supersaturated condition, stable bubbles can be found in confined solutions with acute or obtuse contact angle, depending on the substrate hydrophobicity. We also demonstrate that when open to the bulk solution, the stable nanobubbles in closed systemswould become unstable unless both supersaturation and pinning of the contact line are satisfied. Our results not only shed light on the design of novel heterogeneous surfaces for generating nanobubbles in confined space with controllable shape and stability but also address the crucial effect of gas exchange with the surroundings in determining the stability of nanobubbles. Published by AIP Publishing

Crack propagation speed in ceramic during quenching

The effects of water quenching temperature and specimen size on the propagation speed of thermal shock crack are investigated in real time by water quenching of translucent ceramic and high-speed imaging. The results show that the crack growth rate increases with the increase of quenching temperature difference or specimen size. Within 100 ms, average crack speed is 20.3 mm/s at a temperature difference of 400 degrees C in 20 mm wide ceramic and is 11.9 mm/s at a temperature difference of 220 degrees C in 5 mm wide ceramic, respectively. Compare with specimen size, the influence of quenching temperature difference on the crack propagation speed is larger. The calculations based on meso-damage mechanics have similar results to those of experiments. This paper quantitatively studies the thermal-shock crack growth of ceramic in real time and expands the scientific understanding of thermal shock cracking phenomenon of ceramic.</p

Topological Constraints with Optimal Length Promote the Formation of Chromosomal Territories at Weakened Degree of Phase Separation

It is generally agreed that the nuclei of eukaryotic cells at interphase are partitioned into disjointed territories, with distinct regions occupied by certain chromosomes. However, the underlying mechanism for such territorialization is still under debate. Here we model chromosomes as coarse-grained block copolymers and to investigate the effect of loop domains (LDs) on the formation of compartments and territories based on dissipative particle dynamics. A critical length of LDs, which depends sensitively on the length of polymeric blocks, is obtained to minimize the degree of phase separation. This also applies to the two-polymer system: The critical length not only maximizes the degree of territorialization but also minimizes the degree of phase separation. Interestingly, by comparing with experimental data, we find the critical length for LDs and the corresponding length of blocks to be respectively very close to the mean length of topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromosomal segments with different densities of CpG islands for human chromosomes. The results indicate that topological constraints with optimal length can contribute to the formation of territories by weakening the degree of phase separation, which likely promotes the chromosomal flexibility in response to genetic regulations

The effect of a prefabricated crack on the crack growth in ceramics during quenching

The influence of a prefabricated crack on thermal-shock cracking during quenching is studied in real-time. The results show that after the thermal-shock crack extends to the prefabricated crack, the secondary crack may appear at the lower end of the prefabricated crack. The total vertical length of the crack and the probability of the secondary crack occurrence will gradually increase with the prefabricated crack angle. Besides, the influence of the prefabricated crack distance from the edge on thermal-shock crack growth is also considered. The simulation results of meso-damage mechanics are consistent with experimental observation. This article quantitatively investigates the effect of the prefabricated crack on the thermal-shock crack propagation in ceramics, expanding the research on the mechanism of thermal-shock failure

Effect of material parameters on thermal shock crack of ceramics calculated by phase-field method

Based on alumina ceramics, we employ the phase-field method to study the effects of thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, thermal expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness on thermal shock cracks. The results show that increasing thermal conductivity and fracture toughness will reduce thermal shock damage. That is, the long crack length becomes shorter, or the crack density becomes smaller. However, increasing the thermal expansion coefficient and Young's modulus will increase thermal shock damage. It is consistent with the previous thermal shock theory. The effect of material parameters on crack propagation speed was also considered. In addition, we carried out a thermal shock test of the zirconia. The results of the phase-field calculation are the same as the thermal shock results of the zirconia. This paper verifies that the phase-field method is suitable for simulating thermal shock cracks in other ceramics

Effects of the Laplace pressure on the cells during cytokinesis

The Laplace pressure is one of the most fundamental regulators that determine cell shape and function, and thus has been receiving widespread attention. Here, we systemically investigate the effect of the Laplace pressure on the shape and function of the cells during cytokinesis. We find that the Laplace pressure during cytokinesis can directly control the distribution and size of cell blebbing and adjust the symmetry of cell division by virtue of changing the characteristics of cell blebbing. Further, we demonstrate that the Laplace pressure changes the structural uniformity of cell boundary to regulate the symmetry of cell division. Our findings provide further insights as to the important role of the Laplace pressure in regulating the symmetry of cell division during cytokinesis

Measurement of ceramics cracking during water quenching by digital image correlation

Measuring the thermal shock crack growth process is crucial for revealing ceramic materials and structures' thermal shock failure mechanisms and evaluating their reliability. We used a self made water quenching system to conduct thermal shock tests on alumina and zirconia ceramics. The thermal shock process was recorded by high speed digital image correlation (DIC) during the test. The process of thermal shock crack initiation and propagation in two kinds of ceramics was determined by analyzing the speckle image change on the sample's surface. It is found that the crack growth rate of alumina is faster than that of zirconia, which is caused by different material parameters. This paper presents an in situ measurement method for the initiation and prop agation of thermal shock cracking in ceramic materials. It can provide a measurement method to identify and predict the thermal shock damage of ceramic components