渤海典型生态灾害的发展变化特征及演变趋势

渤海是中国的内海,受海岸带地区人为活动的影响,海域生态环境退化严重,其主要表现为海洋生态灾害频发。本文对渤海近年典型生态灾害,如赤潮、大型藻类及水母发生的时空分布特征进行了总结,结合水环境变化,对其演变趋势进行了评估,并提出了相应的防控应对建议

他克莫司治疗狼疮性肾炎的前瞻性研究

【目的】前瞻性比较观察他克莫司（FK506）与传统疗法环磷酰胺（CTX）静脉冲击联合激素诱导治疗狼疮性肾炎（LN）的临床疗效。【方法】40例经肾活检诊断为Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型肾功能正常的活动性LN患者，尿蛋白定量≥1．5g／24h，随机分为他克莫司组20例Ⅰ他克莫司起始剂量为0．1mg／（kg·d）]和传统疗法组20例（CTX 1g／月x6月），同时口服泼尼松1mg／（kg·d），比较两组治疗3、6个月的临床疗效。疗效评价分为完全缓解（CR），部分缓解（PR）及无效（NR）。【结果】治疗3个月内他克莫司组有3例退出，传统疗法组有4例退出。诱导治疗3个月他克莫司组的总有效率（76％，CR5／17，PR8／17）显著高于传统疗法组（37．5％，CR2／16，PR4／16，P〈0．05）。治疗6个月他克莫司组和传统疗法组的总有效率分别为88．2％（CR11／17，PR4／17）和62．5％（CR5／16，PR5／16）。治疗3个月及6个月，他克莫司组在水肿消退、尿蛋白水平下降、血清白蛋白升高、SLEDAI减少等方面与传统疗法比较，均有显著差异（P〈0．05），而且出现副反应较传统疗法组为少。【结论】与传统疗法相比．他克莫司联合激素是一种快速有效地诱导IN缓解的治疗方法

Rare Earth Eu Doped PtRu/C Catalysts and Their Properties for Methanol Electrooxidation

Corresponding authors. Email: [email protected], [email protected]; Tel: +86-773-5846279, +86-592-2180181.[中文文摘]采用化学还原和热处理方法对商业PtRu/C催化剂进行稀土Eu掺杂,制备了不同Eu含量的PtRuEux/C催化剂.透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线能量色散光谱(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法表征催化剂的结果表明,Eu的掺杂未改变PtRu/C催化剂的平均粒径(约为3nm),并且Eu以金属和氧化物两种形态修饰PtRu表面.循环伏安和计时电流法测试显示,PtRuEux/C催化剂较商业PtRu/C对甲醇氧化具有更高的活性,其中PtRuEu0.3/C的活性最高.运用原位傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱从分子水平研究了该催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化的反应过程,检测到甲醇在催化剂上解离吸附的吸附态产物是线型吸附态CO(COL),Eu的掺杂使COL的氧化电位降低,明显提高了催化剂的活性和抗CO毒化的能力.[英文文摘]Commercially available PtRu/C catalyst was doped with Eu by chemical reduction and sintering, resulting in PtRuEux/C catalysts with different Eu contents. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that Eu doping did not change the average size of the PtRu/C catalysts (ca 3 nm), and their surfaces were modified by both Eu metal and oxide. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry demonstrated that the activity of the PtRuEux/C catalysts was higher than that of commercial PtRu/C for methanol electrooxidation. Among the PtRuEux/C catalysts, PtRuEu0.3/C exhibited the best performance. The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on the catalyst was further investigated by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at molecular level. Results indicated that the adsorbed species derived from the dissociative adsorption of methanol on the catalysts were linear-bonded CO (COL). Eu doping decreased the oxidation potential of COL and thus significantly enhanced the activity of the catalysts and their tolerance to CO.国家自然科学基金(20833005,20828005);教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金; 厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室开放课题;广西研究生教育创新计划项

Soil desiccation and nitrogen consumption of artificial meadow in the Loess Plateau

根据设在黄土高原沟壑区旱塬地的长期田间定位试验结合野外调查,对旱塬人工草地土壤0～1000cm水分含量及剖面氮素含量与分布进行研究。结果显示,旱地人工草地连续种植会显著消耗土壤深层储水与土壤氮素,苜蓿的耗水深度超过1000cm,剖面200cm以下平均含水量12.6%;同时,也使深层土壤硝态氮含量降低,150cm以下硝态氮含量均小于1mg/kg,荒草地的水分状况好于人工草地,这是因为荒草地的生物量远低于人工草地,200cm以下平均含水量18.8%。在干旱地区,土壤深层储水可以调节植物用水,但是人工苜蓿从土壤深层吸收大量水分导致土壤干燥化的发生。因此,土壤储水的调节作用丧失,合理的草地产量是控制土壤干燥化的途径。草地施肥并没有显著的增产作用,但可以延缓人工草地的衰退时间。因为草地施肥的效益不明显,生产实践中农民并不施肥

Water consumption of deep soil layers and eco-environmental effects of agricultural ecosystem in the Loess Plateau

研究了渭北旱塬不同土地利用方式下大田土壤深层剖面含水率的变化特征,并与长期田间定位试验结果进行比较。结果发现,不同土地利用方式能显著影响土壤深层含水率状况,各种方式对土壤深层水消耗能力的排序是15龄苹果园>15龄人工苜蓿>10龄苹果园>刺槐幼林>高产农田>20年撂荒地>5龄苹果园>裸地。10龄苹果园剖面剩余含水率分布接近高产农田,而15龄苹果园土壤剩余含水率低于高产农田,说明10龄到15龄苹果树耗水量显著增大,超过高产农田作物消耗的水分,导致土壤深层水分进一步消耗。由于塬面大部分耕地是高产农田与苹果园,土壤深层含水率普遍处于较低水平。苹果树的大面积种植加快了土壤深层水分消耗,最终可能影响这一区域的陆地水循环

Nitrate accumulation and distribution in soil profiles in ecosystem of upland on the Loess Plateau

研究了渭北旱塬塬面不同土地利用方式下土壤剖面硝酸盐含量与分布特征,并与长期田间定位试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,地表有植物生长与氮肥投入显著影响土壤剖面硝态氮含量与分布。土壤0-400 cm硝态氮累积含量顺序是:苹果园>高产粮田>裸地>刺槐林地>荒草地>人工草地。苹果园土壤剖面硝态氮在深层累积严重,累积层在80-160 cm,最高含量达201.9 mg／kg。高产农田也发生了硝态氮的淋溶累积,累积峰出现在120-140cm土层,最高含量为44.1 mg/kg。林草地因为没有氮肥投入,剖面硝态氮含量处于很低水平。由于塬面土地大部分为高产农田与苹果园,土壤中累积的大量硝态氮既浪费了资源又可能对环境造成潜在的威胁,建议降低氮肥用量,特别是果园,并建议对大量施用化肥对区域生态环境与苹果品质的影响进行研究

聚集诱导发光聚合物

聚集诱导发光(AIE)的研究已经成为化学和材料等领域的一个前沿. 目前，AIE领域的研究重点主要集中于小分子方面，而具有良好成膜性和协同放大效应的AIE聚合物的研究仍有待进一步发展. 其制备方法，构效关系以及相对于小分子的性能和应用独特性还有待进一步体现. 该专论较系统性地总结了AIE聚合物的制备方法，介绍了AIE聚合物的构效关系及在传感和生物医药等领域的应用，并对AIE聚合物的未来发展进行了展望. Organic luminescent materials have played important roles in optoelectronic device, chemo-/biosensing, and biomedical applications. However, traditional luminescent materials always suffer from the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect: they are highly emissive in dilute solutions but their emission becomes weaker or totally quenched in the practical application forms, i.e. the aggregate, film and solid states. The ACQ effect has greatly limited the applications of these luminescent materials in many fields. Exactly opposite to the ACQ, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) can actively utilize the natural aggregation process of a molecule to provide intense emission in the aggregate and solid states. In the AIE area, the research is focusing on the low mass molecules, and the polymers have been paid less attention although they possess the unique properties such as good film-forming ability, amplification effect of the signals, and multiple functionalization, which facilitates their practical applications. In this review, we first accounted the used polymerizations for the construction of AIE polymers, such as polycouplings, radical polymerization, and click polymerizations. Next, we discussed the structure-property relationship of the AIE polymers based on the systematically investigation of the effect of substituent groups, the link of TPE and fluorene groups on the triazole rings, the attachment of TPE-diethynyl groups on phenyl rings with o, m, and p-positions, and the side-chains on their photo-physical properties. Moreover, the interesting non-conjugated AIE polymers without aromatic rings were also discussed and cluster oluminescence was proposed as the cause for this unique emission. Finally, the applications of the AIE polymers in chemo- and biosensors, and tracing were reviewed and the advantages of AIE polymers over AIE low-mass molecules were also emphasized. It is expected that this review could serve as a trigger for future innovation in the AIE research area. © 2018 Science Press. All Rights Reserved

Breeding method based on ternary hybridization of purple scallop, bay scallop and gulf scallop

本发明涉及海产经济贝类杂交育种技术领域，特别是一种基于紫扇贝、海湾扇贝和墨西哥湾扇贝三元杂交的育种方法。首先利用海湾扇贝与墨西哥湾扇贝进行亚种间杂交，获得育性不受影响杂交子一代扇贝；然后利用所得杂交子一代扇贝与紫扇贝进行种间杂交，获得正常发育且具有显著的生长和抗逆优势的种间杂交子一代扇贝，而后将三元杂交后代通过群体混交得以纯化，连续选育即获得遗传稳定、性状优良的海墨紫(或墨海紫)三元杂交扇贝新品种。本发明方法可将紫扇贝、海湾扇贝和墨西哥湾扇贝的优良性状集于一体，进而培育出生长和抗逆优势更为显著的三元杂交扇贝新品种，提高扇贝养殖业的良种保存与供应能力