法学家眼中的和谐社会

从现有权威性文献看,“和谐社会”是执政党要追求的一种社会状态,更是一种涉及面极其广泛的治国方略。在这个过程中,法律、法学和法学家的作用举足重轻。面对如此重大议题,法学家应当表达观点、提出诉求、发挥专业功能。基于这种考虑,本刊特邀部分中青年法学家进行了笔谈,希望他们的文章能引起讨论,促进法律界、法学界形成一些基本共识

Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of chlorophyll-a concentration and red tide monitoring in Bohai Sea

Affected by intense human activities, Bohai Sea, the largest inland sea of China, has being suffered from serious water pollution, e.g., exacerbated water eutrophication, frequent red tide outbreaks, causing major damages to marine ecology/environment, public health, and economy. Based on MODIS data during 2014-2015, the spatial and temporal characteristics of surface layer chlorophyll-a concentration has been analyzed and then, the red tide has been monitored for Bohai Sea. The results showed that surface layer chlorophyll-a concentration was overall higher from May to October, which reached its peak in May. Spatially, chlorophyll-a concentration decreased from the coastal area to the offshore, which was higher in Qinhuangdao offshore area, Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay. According to the chlorophyll-a concentration threshold of 16 mg/m3 and ERGB composite, the red tide information has been successfully extracted. In the Qinhuangdao offshore area with the frequent occurrence and worst-hit area of red tide in Bohai Sea, red tide happened in May and its dispersion area reached its maximum in late May. The distribution of red tide agreed with the location of two bottom hypoxia zones in Bohai sea, suggesting that red tide outbreaks may play an important role in the formation and development of bottom hypoxia zone. The results for this study will provide scientific foundation for the red tide prediction and control of Bohai Sea

Simulation of Non-point Source Pollution in Dagu Watershed,Jiaodong Peninsula Based on AnnAGNPS Model

在检验了农业非点源污染模型-AnnAGNPS模型在胶东半岛大沽河流域适用性的基础上,估算了1998-2011年大沽河流域的年径流量和可溶性氮负荷,其多年均值分别为3.58×10~8 m~3和4.27×10~3 t,其中,受流域年内降水分布和水库、拦河闸(坝)等水利工程、农田灌溉以及排污排废等人类活动的影响,6-9月(汛期)是径流量和可溶性氮负荷人海的主要时段,而非汛期的输出量则较小。空间上,流域南部可溶性氮负荷量明显大于流域北部,这与流域南部以耕地为主的土地利用类型以及工业、生活排污排废等关系密切,耕地施肥是大沽河流域可溶性氮的主要来源,其次为居民地。情景分析表明,减少化肥施用量以及采取保护性耕作措施均能降低大沽河流域非点源污染负荷的输出量,但在不影响作物产量的前提下适当减少施肥量及采取秸秆留茬覆盖是流域非点源污染控制比较有效的措施

基于AnnAGNPS模型的胶东半岛大沽河流域非点源污染模拟研究

在检验了农业非点源污染模型-AnnAGNPS模型在胶东半岛大沽河流域适用性的基础上,估算了1998-2011年大沽河流域的年径流量和可溶性氮负荷,其多年均值分别为3.58×10~8 m~3和4.27×10~3 t,其中,受流域年内降水分布和水库、拦河闸(坝)等水利工程、农田灌溉以及排污排废等人类活动的影响,6-9月(汛期)是径流量和可溶性氮负荷人海的主要时段,而非汛期的输出量则较小。空间上,流域南部可溶性氮负荷量明显大于流域北部,这与流域南部以耕地为主的土地利用类型以及工业、生活排污排废等关系密切,耕地施肥是大沽河流域可溶性氮的主要来源,其次为居民地。情景分析表明,减少化肥施用量以及采取保护性耕作措施均能降低大沽河流域非点源污染负荷的输出量,但在不影响作物产量的前提下适当减少施肥量及采取秸秆留茬覆盖是流域非点源污染控制比较有效的措施

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and Spatial and Multi-Variable Statistical Analysis of Its Impacting Factors in Xiaoqinghe Watershed

选取山东小清河流域为研究区,在2012-2013年汛期和非汛期的水质监测基础上,应用主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)等多元统计方法识别流域不同形态氮磷浓度的时空分布特征,结合空间分析和相关分析方法辨析集水区不同土地利用方式对氮磷输出的影响。结果表明:流域氮污染严重,其中总氮超标率达100%。氨氮、磷酸盐浓度汛期显著高于非汛期,硝态氮浓度则非汛期显著高于汛期(P<0.05)。以总磷、总溶解态磷为主要指标的主成分Z1对水质变化的贡献率接近50%,以总氮、氨氮和硝态氮为主要指标的主成分Z2对水质变化的贡献率接近20%。总氮、总磷、氨氮、磷酸盐和总溶解态磷浓度与集水区城市和工业建设用地的面积比例呈显著正相关(P<0.05);硝态氮浓度与耕地面积比例呈显著正相关,与草地、林地面积比例呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。空间上按氮磷分布特征不同子流域被划分为3类:第1类和第2类主要集中在干流及北部平原区,沿途接纳点源排放,氮磷浓度总体较高且空间差异较大;第3类流域主要位于南部山区,建设用地比例较小,污染程度相对较低

Simulation of total nitrogen transport based on SWAT model in Xiaoqinghe River Basin of Shandong Province

Serious point source and non-point source pollution in Xiaoqinghe River Basin,primarily caused by advanced industries and agriculture,have resulted in the excess of river water total nitrogen, which further have deteriorated the aquatic ecology and environment of Xiaoqinghe Estuary and Laizhou Bay. Based on observed streamflow and total nitrogen data,the SWAT model,established for Xiaoqinghe River Basin,has been calibrated and verified. Then,the spatial and temporal characteristics of total nitrogen load for the period of 2008-2013 have been simulated and analyzed,and the pollution source of total nitrogen has been identified. The results show that accordant with the annual streamflow,the annual total nitrogen load indicates an obvious inter-annual variability with the annual average value of 38.0 * 10~3 t. Spatially,total nitrogen load is relatively high for various sub-basins,among which the highest output in the sub-basins located in Shouguang City and Zhangqiu City with advanced agriculture,Zouping County with many engineering enterprises,Jinan urban district with high population density. The primary source of total nitrogen load is dominated by non-point pollution source. Nitrogen losses from agriculture fertilizer and livestock manure account for 32.5% and 29.5%,respectively of the total nitrogen load. In addition,nitrogen emissions from industries and urban wastewater contribute greatly to the total nitrogen load with the proportion of 19.4% and 16.5%,respectively. Therefore,point and non-point pollution source should be overall considered for the total amount control and reduction of total nitrogen in Xiaoqinghe River Basin

Accuracy evaluation of muti-satellite precipitation products over Circum-Bohai-Sea Region

降水是全球能量和水循环中的重要变量之一,降水资料的精度对洪旱灾害的监测与预报、水资源管理等至关重要。本文利用环渤海地区1998&mdash;2014年55个气象站点的逐日降水数据,分别从日、月尺度对TRMM 3B42、CMORPH、PERSIANN 3种卫星降水产品进行精度评价,并对其季节差异进行分析。结果表明:总体上,TRMM3B42(V7)的精度最高,PERSIANN精度最低,但CMORPH对日降水事件的探测成功率(0.69)最高;3B42略高估了日降水量,其他两者则对日降水量存在低估。春、夏、秋季各卫星降水产品对降水的成功探测率高于冬季,且相关系数、均方根误差等指标随季节变化明显。3种卫星降水产品的...</p

Improvement of TRMM 3B42 Precipitation Estimate over Circum-Bohai-Sea Region Based on Wavelet Multi-resolution Analysis

利用环渤海地区1998~2014年55个气象站点的日降水资料,基于小波多分辨率分析方法对TRMM3B42卫星降水产品进行订正,并分析订正后3B42数据的降水估算精度.结果表明:订正后的3B42数据与站点降水数据之间的相关系数显著提高,MAE、RMSE则明显降低;订正后的3B42数据对日降水事件的探测成功率得到提高,错报率有所下降;小波多分辨率分析方法有效提高了3B42数据对各季节,特别是冬季日降水的估算精度;但,订正后的3B42数据对日降水量仍存在一定的高估现象

基于TRMM卫星资料的渤海降水遥感估算研究

降水是全球能量平衡和水分循环中的关键要素,但海洋区域实时、准确的降水观测资料难以获取,因此,遥感卫星资料在海洋降水及全球能量和水分循环研究领域具有十分重要的应用前景。本文基于1998~2012年6个气象站点(岛屿或海岸带)的实测降水资料,评估TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)V7版本3B42、3B43两个降水产品对渤海降水量的估算精度,在此基础上,分析并揭示渤海区域年、季和月降水量的时空特征。结果表明:在日尺度,3B42产品对渤海降水量的估算效果总体较差,而在月、年尺度,3B42、3B43产品与实测降水量比较接近,而且,3B43产品的估算精度稍高..

Precipitation estimation in the Bohai Sea based on TRMM remote sensing data

降水是全球能量平衡和水分循环中的关键要素,但海洋区域实时、准确的降水观测资料难以获取,因此,遥感卫星资料在海洋降水及全球能量和水分循环研究领域具有十分重要的应用前景。本文基于1998~2012年6个气象站点(岛屿或海岸带)的实测降水资料,评估TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)V7版本3B42、3B43两个降水产品对渤海降水量的估算精度,在此基础上,分析并揭示渤海区域年、季和月降水量的时空特征。结果表明:在日尺度,3B42产品对渤海降水量的估算效果总体较差,而在月、年尺度,3B42、3B43产品与实测降水量比较接近,而且,3B43产品的估算精度稍高..