Genetic Characterization and Molecular Cloning of Genes Regulating Developmental Phase Transition in Arabidopsis thaliana

在擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中，我們分離並鑑定一個新的fld突變種對偶基因，命名為fld-2，而這個突變種表現出極度晚開花的性狀 (第三章)。fld-2基因突變所導致的晚開花性狀，可以透過低溫春化和GA處理方式來部份減輕其性狀表現，但是對於5-azaC的處理卻無影響(第三章)。經由遺傳雙突變體分析，顯示fld-2與其他五個晚開花突變種gi-1、ft-1、fwa-1、ld-1和fca-9均上位顯性於elf1、elf2和elf3三個早開花突變種 (第二章、第四章)。為了證明FLD基因在營養期到花序期及花序期到花器期所扮演的角色，我們選取這方面的突變種與fld-2突變種進行雙突變體的分析 (第四章、第五章)。由fld-2 tfl1雙突變體中減輕terminal flower 1 (tfl1)的性狀，和在fld-2 lfy、fld-2 ap1與fld-2 ap2雙突變體中加重leafy (lfy)、apetala1 (ap1) 與 apetala2 (ap2)的性狀，顯示FLD在花器的啟始及形成過程亦扮演著重要的角色 (第四章)。另外由fld-2 co-3雙突變體所產生的葉狀新型花器性狀，進一步提供證據支持FLD與CO這兩個晚開花基因不只參與營養期到花序期的移轉過程，並參與花器形成的階段 (第五章)。綜合這些實驗結果，強烈的表示FLD基因在調節莖頂的開花能力上扮演重要的角色，進而導致擬南芥中不同發育時期的移轉過程。FLD基因被定位在第三條染色體的上端，此區域完整的酵母(YAC)及細菌(BAC)人造染色體已被連結及鑑定出，現正進一步對於這些YAC及BAC clone的分析與互補試驗為選殖FLD基因的重要策略 (第六章)，而這方面的資訊將使我們更深入瞭解植物莖與花發育機制的調控過程。為了進一步探討早晚開花基因在擬南芥中啟始花器發育過程的調控機制，我們將AP1::GUS構築體送入不同的晚開花與emf1或emf2的雙突變體中以進行分析(第七章)。結果發現當GUS 的活性在emf1-1單一突變種中，可在植株萌芽後五天後被偵測到，而在雙突變體則表現上較微弱或是偵測不到。後續經由RT-PCR的實驗分析中顯示AP1與LFY基因在emf1-1單一突變種中大量表現，而在所有的晚開花與emf1-1雙突變種中的表現量明顯降低。此實驗結果證實AP1與LFY基因的啟動除了須有低的EMF活性外，還須受到晚開花基因的促進 (第七章)。A new fld mutant allele, fld-2, which significantly delayed flowering, was isolated and characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana (Chapter 3). The late-flowering phenotype of the fld-2 mutation could be partially overcome by both vernalization and GA treatment but it was not influenced by 5-azaC treatment (Chapter 2). Genetic double mutant analysis indicates that late-flowering mutants fld-2, gi-1, ft-1, fwa-1, ld-1 and fca-9 are epistatic to early flowering mutants elf1, elf2, elf3 in regulating the flower transition in Arabidopsis (Chapter 2 and 3). To confirm the role of FLD in the regulation of the rosette-to-inflorescence transition and inflorescence-to-flower transition, we constructed double mutant between fld-2 and genes responsible for establishing and maintaining the inflorescence and flower meristem (Chapter 4 and 5). The relief of the terminal flower 1 (tfl1) mutant phenotype in fld-2 tfl1 double mutants, and the enhancement of leafy (lfy) and apetala1 (ap1) and apetala2 (ap2) mutant phenotype in fld-2 lfy, fld-2 ap1, and fld-2 ap2 double mutants, suggest that FLD is also likely to be involved the floral initiation and floral formation (Chapter 4). The novel flower phenotype observed in fld-2 co-3 double mutants provides evidence to further support that FLD and CO are not only involved in rosette-to-inflorescence transition but also involved in the flower formation (Chapter 5). These results strongly suggest that the FLD gene plays a key role in regulating the reproductive competence of the shoot and results in different developmental phase transitions in Arabidopsis. FLD is map on the top arm of chromosome three. YAC and BAC contig containing YAC or BAC clones in this region was identified (Chapter 6). Further cloning of FLD by characterization of these BAC clones and complementation analysis is in progress and should lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in shoot development. To further investigate the roles for flowering time genes in regulating the initiation of floral development in Arabidopsis, construct containing AP1::GUS was introduced into the different emf late flowering double mutants (Chapter 7). GUS activity was detected on shoot meristem of emf1-1 AP1::GUS single mutants 5 days after germination, but was weakly detected or stained negatively on various emf1-1 late-flowering double mutants. Further RT-PCR analysis indicated that AP1 and LFY were strongly expressed in emf1-1 single mutants and their expression was significantly reduced in all the emf1-1 late-flowering emf1-1 double mutants tested. Our results indicate that the expression of AP1 and LFY is dependent on the low EMF activity as well as on the activation of the late-flowering genes (Chapter 7).封面 目錄 第一章 緒言 －擬南芥的發育時期轉移過程 －開花基因在發育時期轉移的重要性 －已選殖出之晚開花基因之分子結構 －光週期調控的開花途徑與自發性調控的開花途徑 －開花起始過程之調控 －花器形成過程之調控 －植物發育時期的轉移與COPS理論 －參考文獻 第二章 早開花基因與晚開花基因在發育時期轉移過程的遺傳調控機制之探討 －摘要 －前言 －材料與方法 －結果 －討論 －參考文獻 第三章 晚開花突變fld-2之分離及特性分析 －摘要 －前言 －材料與方法 －結果 －討論 －參考文獻 第四章 晚開花基因FLD與其他調節開花過程基因間的遺傳調控機制制之探討 －摘要 －前言 －材料與方法 －結果 －討論 －參考文獻 第五章 FLD與CO兩個晚開花基因在營養期至花序與花器形成移轉過程間的遺傳調控機制之探討 －摘要 －前言 －材料與方法 －結果 －討論 －參考文獻 第六章 晚開花基因FLD之染色體定位與初步分子選殖 －摘要 －前言 －材料與方法 －結果 －討論 －參考文獻 第七章 EMF基因與晚間花基因共同作用以調控花器啟始基因的表現與功能 －摘要 －前言 －材料與方法 －結果 －討論 －參考文獻 第八章 結論 －未來展望 參考文

臺灣中部烏溪與大甲溪流域之稀有植物

Wu and Tachia River watersheds are located in the middle of central western Taiwan. The topography includes seashore, plain, hill and high mountain. Total area of Wu and Tachia River watersheds is 3260 km2. We investigated, classified and mapped烏溪流域與大甲溪流域位於台灣中西部，地形涵蓋海濱、平原、丘陵以至高山，兩流域總面積約3260 平方公里。本研究在2003-2007 年間以烏溪及大甲溪流域為範圍，進行植群分類與製圖，共調查495 個樣區(每個400 m2)，利用GPS 記錄稀有物種座標位置，以GIS 軟體整理物種分布，並參考相關文獻，建立烏溪及大甲溪流域稀有植物資訊，供保育之參考。本研究共記錄1028筆稀有維管束植物座標資料，合計有195 種(含種以下分類群)，分屬77 科157 屬，其中40 種為蕨類植物，10 種為

RETROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF MISSED COLORECTAL CANCER

We report eleven cases overlooked in the initial barium enema. Nine of them had advanced colorectal cancers and two had early colorectal cancers at the time of resection. Initial images of nine advanced colorectal cancers were all sessile tumors and those of two early colorectal cancers were pedunculated or subpedunculated form. Thus, most advanced colorectal cancers may originate from sessile tumor. We also calculate doubling time (DT) of the tumors, radiologically. Average DT of nine advanced cancers is 10.0 months and that of two early cancers is 48.5 months. DT of the advanced cancers is significantly shorter than DT of the early cancers. Considering this fact, DT of the cancers may be shorter when they grow. On the other hand, we discuss DT of the advanced cancers focusing on the duration from the initial examination to the operation (described as "duration" hereinafter). When the duration becomes longer, it may include the period of the early stage of the cancer, in which DT of the tumor is considered long. Therefore, DT may express differences depending on the duration. In our cases, three advanced tumors with durations of less than two years show shorter DT (average 4.8 months) than the other advanced tumors. Thus, if DT is shortening with the cancers' growth, actual DT of advanced cancers might be shorter than calculated DT. With the above-mentioned assump- tion, we should understand that DT of a recurrent cancer after operation might be getting shorter than that of an original tumor before operation

透過現職教師建構國中健康與體育學習領域之自尊教學指標 Promoting Self-Esteem in Junior High School Students by Building Teaching Indicators: A Survey of Health and Physical Education Teachers

國中是自尊發展的重要階段，學校可建構合宜教學指標以利提升學生的自尊。本研究採德懷術（Delphi technique）進行健康與體育領域的自尊教學指標建構。由一項全臺抽樣調查的620 名對象中，徵詢到128 名願意參與後續研究者，再以信件和電話邀請，最後有38 名現職教師參加和完成三回合問卷填寫。主要研究結果如下：一、自尊教學指標包括學生、教師和學校三層面一百零六項。二、學生層面教學指標有四十二項，依安全感、自我感、歸屬感、使命感和能力感等自尊五要素來建構。三、教師層面教學指標包括課室經營四十四項、教學方法十一項和教學評量三項；其中課室經營也依自尊五要素建構。四、學校層面六項教學指標乃針對學校行政措施來發展。本研究建議國中教師可參照教學指標來設計自尊教材與活動。 The middle school years are an important stage in the development of students’ self-esteem. Schools can help students to develop their self-esteem by setting appropriate teaching indicators. This study aims to construct teaching indicators for self-esteem in the disciplines of Health Education and Physical Education. The Delphi technique was used. A total of 620 teachers were randomly selected from a national survey, and 128 agreed to participate. However, only 38 teachers agreed to serve as the expert panel after fully understanding the procedures associated with the Delphi technique. After completing the three-round questionnaire, the major results of this study were as follows. 1. A total of 106 teaching indicators for self-esteem, including student, teacher, and institution in the Health and Physical Education curriculum in junior high school were constructed. 2. Based on the five components of self-esteem, 42 teaching indicators were constructed for the student dimension. 3. The teacher dimension included classroom management, teaching methods, and instructional evaluation. Forty-four teaching indicators of classroom management were also constructed based on the five components of self-esteem. The teaching indicators of teaching methods and instructional evaluation were 11 and 3, respectively. 4. With a focus on school administrative measures, 6 teaching indicators were constructed for the institution. It is suggested that teachers use the indicators as a reference when compiling teaching materials, and designing and implementing teaching activities

若い連星に付随する架橋した双子の原始惑星系円盤の直接撮像観測

Studies of the structure and evolution of protoplanetary disks are important for understanding star and planet formation. Here we present the direct image of an interacting binary protoplanetary system. Both circumprimary and circumsecondary disks are resolved in the near-infrared. There is a bridge of infrared emission connecting the two disks and a long spiral arm extending from the circumprimary disk. Numerical simulations show that the bridge corresponds to gas flow and a shock wave caused by the collision of gas rotating around the primary and secondary stars. Fresh material streams along the spiral arm, consistent with the theoretical scenarios in which gas is replenished from a circummultiple reservoir. (Published Online November 19 2009)連星形成における観測研究と理論研究を融合惑星は、恒星が生まれる時にその副産物として、原始の恒星を取り囲んで回転する円盤の中で誕生する。この円盤は原始惑星系円盤と呼ばれ、惑星が生まれる現場である。また、宇宙に存在する恒星の多くは連星系として生まれる。従って、惑星の一般的な形成過程を明らかにするには、連星にある原始惑星系円盤の観測が重要な課題となる。しかし、連星における惑星形成は単独星周辺の惑星形成に比べてよく分かっていない。　本研究は、すばる望遠鏡にコロナグラフカメラ(CIAO)、及び大気揺らぎをキャンセルする補償光学装置(AO)を搭載させ、SR24と呼ばれる若い連星を観測した。観測の結果、図Aに示した構造を検出し、その後周連星円盤からの質量降着をシミュレーションし（図B）、理論的検証を行った。これらの結果を踏まえると、連星における原始惑星系では、①隣の原始惑星系と物質をやりとりしながら進化する原始惑星系が存在すること、②外部からも物質が供給されていることとその供給経路、以上二点が直接的な観測から明らかになった。本観測によって得られたデータは、連星形成理論と比較可能な最初のデータであったため、今まで独立に行われていた連星形成における理論研究と観測研究を融合させた。国立大学法人　総合研究大学院大学（眞山・田村・橋本・林）;国立天文台（田村・周藤・直井・工藤・橋本・林）;国立天文台　ハワイ観測所（石井・Tae-Soo Pyo）;千葉大学（花輪）;法政大学（松本）;京都大学（西山）;東京大学大学院（葛原