Potential for the Promotion of Lifelong Learning for Persons with Disabilities through the Use of ICT

We conducted a questionnaire survey targeting social welfare service facilities on the promotion of lifelong learning for persons with disabilities. The survey found that 64 percent of respondents were working on the support of lifelong learning. The other respondents, who answered “no” to the question, cited as reasons the aging of facility users; an increase in the severity of their disabilities; staff shortage; and lack of know-how. Meanwhile, 90 percent of respondents answered that their users were not working on lifelong learning outside the facilities. In response to the question about the provision of ICT-based lifelong learning courses, 77 percent of respondents showed a willingness to use such services. Based on these results, we surmised that it was feasible to implement lifelong learning courses with social welfare facilities as the satellite venue. Regarding future implementation, further efforts will be required, such as the promotion of the understanding of lifelong learning by persons with disabilities, their families and supporters; combination and cooperation with other opportunities of lifelong learning; securing of personnel who connect the disabled and social resources; and the promotion of lifelong learning from the perspective of career-building, not merely recreation

Effects of Temperature on Growth and Photosynthesis in Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.)

非洲鳳仙花是台灣秋冬春季節中種植最多的花壇植物種類之一，而夏季高溫度是限制非洲鳳仙花應用最重要的環境因子。非洲鳳仙花的種子均由國外進口，包含5個品種系列共45個商業品種於市區及郊區海拔400 m較冷涼處等不同地點及不同定植季節(12月及3月)以評估其景觀上的整體表現，結果顯示非洲鳳仙花整體表現受到種植地點及種植時期所而影響，而溫度為主要影響非洲鳳仙花的環境因子之一。在合宜的生長溫度下，各品種系列間的表現無顯著地差異且觀賞時期可長達5個月。而在溫度較高或有短暫高溫的情況下，而觀賞期約只可維持3個月左右。 在人工氣候室內設定不同的日/夜溫度從15/13、20/15、25/20、30/25至35/30℃的環境下測試其對4個非洲鳳仙花品種之生育及光合作用的影響。在高溫35/30℃的環境下，非洲鳳仙花地上部的生育包植株高度、葉片數、分枝數、花朶大小、地上部乾鮮重等受到限制。地上部光合作用則於30/25℃時快速下降。根部生長隨溫度升高而下降，在35/30°C之高溫環境下幾乎停止生長。高溫對根部生長大於對地上部生長的影響。 為測試高根溫對非洲鳳仙花生育及光合作用的影響，於生長箱內設定日/夜溫25/20℃環境下，將二品種非洲鳳仙花使用可加溫的水耕箱予以25、27.5、30、32.5及35℃等不同根溫處理6天。結果顯示根溫32.5℃以上會抑制非洲鳳仙花的生長及光合作用的進行；而根溫大於30℃則抑制根部生長。因此，根部生長對高根溫是非常敏感的。於高溫的環境下，降低根部生長溫度，可延長非洲鳳仙花整體景觀表現。Impatiens are one of the most popular bedding plants used for landscaping during autumn, winter and spring season in northern part of Taiwan. High temperature during summer season impairs the growth of impatiens. The five series of impatiens（Impatiens walleriana Hook.f） including 45 commercial cultivars were planted at the urban and suburban areas in the northern part of Taiwan and planted at different growing seasons of Dec, 2001 and Mar, 2002 to evaluate landscaping performance among cultivars. The results showed that the factors of planting areas and planting seasons affected the growth and performance of impatiens that showed temperature was the major factor. Under optimum temperature circumstance, most impatiens cultivars grew well and performed well until 150 DAT. But heat stress occurred, the results showed difference of performance among 45 impatiens cultivars and plant quality only maintained to 90 DAT.Four cultivars of impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.) were studied in a phytotron at different day/night temperature of 15/13, 20/15, 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30°C to investigate the effects of different day/night temperatures on growth and photosynthesis. High temperature 35/30°C impaired the growth and decreased the height, number of leaves, branches, shoot dry/fresh weight and flower size. The net photosynthesis decreased sharply at 35/30°C. As temperature increased from 15/13 to 35/30°C, the dry weight of roots decreased and almost stopped at 35/30°C. High temperature affected the root growth more than shoot growth.The effects of high root temperatures on growth and photosynthesis in two cultivars of impatiens were studied in a growth chamber that the day/night temperature was set at 25/20℃. Five root temperatures were set at 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 35℃ using hydroponic unit equitted with heating system. Results showed that high root temperature would ≧32.5℃ impair plants growth and photosynthesis and root temperature ≧30℃ would inhibit root growth. In conclusion, the root growth of impatiens was sensitive to high root temperature that any way to reduce root temperature would increase landscaping performance.中文摘要 文摘要一章 緒論 1.1 非洲鳳仙花之簡介 1.1.1非洲鳳仙花之起源與育種發展 1.1.2 非洲鳳仙花於花壇之應用 4.2 溫度對非洲鳳仙花生育及光合作用的影響 8.3 根溫對作物生育及光合作用的影響 11.3.1 根溫對植物生育的影響 11.3.2 根溫對光合作用的影響 16二章 非洲鳳仙花於臺灣北部都市花壇之生長表現及應用之評估 18.1 摘要 18.1.1 中文摘要 18.1.2 英文摘要 18.2 前言 19.3 材料與方法 21.3.1 試驗材料 21.3.2 種植環境 21.3.3 試驗調查 23.3.3.1 冬/春季試驗調查 23.3.3.2 春/夏季試驗調查 23.4 結果 25.4.1 冬/春季試驗調查 25.4.2 春/夏季試驗調查 35.4.3 冬/春種植及春/夏季種植試驗比較 39.5 討論 42三章 不同日夜溫度對非洲鳳仙花生育及光合作用的影響 45.1 摘要 45.1.1 中文摘要 45.1.2 英文摘要 45.2 前言 46.3 材料與方法 47.3.1 試驗材料與環境條件 47.3.2 試驗方法 48.3.3試驗調查項目 49.3.4 光合作用測量 49.3.5 細胞膜熱穩定性測量 49.3.6統計分析 50.4 結果 51.4.1 不同日夜溫對非洲鳳仙花生育之影響 51.4.2 不同日夜均溫對非洲鳳仙花光合作用之影響 61.5 討論 64四章 根溫對非洲鳳仙花生育及光合作用之影響 68.1 摘要 68.1.1 中文摘要 68.1.2 英文摘要 69.2 前言 69.3 材料與方法 70.3.1試驗一:不同根溫對非洲鳳仙花生育之影響 70.3.2試驗二:不同根溫對非洲鳳仙花光合作用之影響 73.3.3 統計分析 74.4 結果 74.4.1根溫對非洲鳳仙花生育之影響 74.4.2 根溫對非洲鳳仙花葉片光合作用之影響 81.5 討論 85.5.1 根溫對非洲鳳仙花生育之影響 85.5.2 根溫對非洲鳳仙花光合作用之影響 86五章 綜合討論 89.1 非洲鳳仙花於台灣北部地區景觀上的應用 89六章 結論 95考文獻 9

Studies on the Organizational Reinventing and Reengineering of County Farmer's Association in Taiwan-Concerning Taiwan's Agricultural Finance Cost Efficacy and Japan's Practical Experiences of Japanese Agriculture Cooperatives

一、 計畫目標: ( 1 )整理與分析影響日本農協系統組織再建構、機能重組之相關理論與經驗實務, 以供台灣探討此問題的參考.( 2 )從「促進基層農會機能的發揮, 提昇系統農會整體經營競爭力」的觀點來研討縣農會組織再建構、機能重組的必要性及可行性.( 3 )分析全國階段的農會體制為類似目前台灣農會體制的總合型連合組織或為日本農協體制的專門性單事業別連合組織對系統農會整體經營競爭力較有利? ( 4 )分析縣農會在農會共同運銷經濟事業所扮演的角色與機能, 並比較縣農會合併後, 可能對農會共同運銷產生的重大影響, 以烘托縣農會合併對基層農會經濟機能促進的影響情況.( 5 )探討農會信用部現況與問題, 並針對農會信用部異於一般金融機構的農業金融地區金融業務加以分析, 以作為實証分析之基礎.並分析檢測目前各農會信用部是否具有規模經濟與範圍經濟.更嘗試以同一縣( 市 )內鄉鎮農會合併之方式, 進行模擬分析.二、 架構( 重要工作項目 ): 本研究擬採理論分析、專家座談、問卷與個案訪問法, 其進行步驟如下: 1.理論分析與專家座談: ( 1 )收集國內外相關文獻, 分析有關組織再造意義、系統農會組織再建構、機能重組的相關理論, 並進行理論分析與文獻探討.( 2 )分析日本系統農協組織再造及二階段系統制的背景、意義、成效及全國都府縣連合會、中央會機能調整、發展的重點及其對基層農協機能強化的影響.( 3 )分析國內農會之問題, 並探討縣農會組織再建構、機能重組與農會現存問題之關連性.舉辦產、官、學三方面之座談會, 就本研究之研究方法、內容之妥當性進行研討.( 4 )以個別農會之規模經濟及範圍經濟進行實証分析, 尋得農會信用部的最適規模, 以了解農會信用部應否擴大其規模, 發展成為區域性的地方金融.並探討農會信用部經營項目間, 是否存在成本互補性, 以作為將來應朝向專業銀行發展或綜合性銀行發展時之依據.( 5 )使用多元產出超越對數成本函數模型( translog cost function ), 並以Zellner's的近似無關迴歸分析法( seemingly unrelated regression estimation method )推估其成本函數之參數值, 估算出其規模經濟與範圍經濟.且進一步以同一縣( 市 )內鄉鎮農會合併方式, 進行模擬分析.2.問卷與個案訪問法: ( 1 )抽樣進行問卷調查及個案調查訪問, 從系統農會機能強化的重點分析縣農會選聘任人員對系統農會組織再建構、機能重組的需求、意願, 並分析縣農會對系統農會共同運銷的影響.( 2 )針對營運績效( 尤其是共同運銷事業 )特佳的縣農會, 實施個案研究, 以分析縣級農會合併對其所屬基層農會業務更進一層發展之意義及必要性.三、 預期效益: ( 1 )完成日本農協系統二階段組織再建構、機能重組及其對所屬基層農協機能發揮影響( 包含對於信用、共同運銷業務的影響 )之相關理論與經驗的整理與分析.( 2 )從農會系統整體機能發揮的觀點…尤其如系統農會共同運銷機能的強化, 比較分析縣農會進行組織再建構與機能重組之必要性.( 3 )本研究針對農會信用部特殊性質, 以同一縣( 市 )為單位進行模擬分析, 了解合併後是否改善其規模效果.由於縣( 市 )為單位較不涉及跨縣( 市 )政府及不同政經利益團體之協調, 此種行政區域劃分為原則的農會組織加以重組合併, 將可減少層級並擴大經營規模, 以改善經營體質.( 4 )從農會所有者與經營者的需求與意願及其農業背景、農會未來發展的因素, 探討台灣農會系統進行二階段制組織再建構與機能重組之可能性。Keywords: reengineering, organizational reinventing, cost efficacy.As financial liberalization has progressed, more and more new financial institutions have entered the market, and the credit departments of Farmers'Associations have found themselves facing a serious threat.Ordinary financial institutions are not affected by regional restrictions; they can establish new branches freely in accordance with their operational needs in order to achieve the ideal branch network.The credit departments of Farmers'Associations are only permitted to operate within the boundaries of the township or rural township to which they belong; they are not permitted to expand their operations into other administrative districts.This makes it difficult for the credit departments of Farmers'Associations to expand their scale of operation, and as a result they are unable to benefit from economies of scale.Only through mergers would they be able to expand their scale of operation, thereby improving their management efficiency and making themselves more competitive.The main purpose of this study is to explore the current status of the credit departments of Farmers'Associations and the problems affecting them, and to analyze the agricultural finance and local finance operations in which they are involved ( in which respect they differ from ordinary financial institutions ), to serve as a basis for empirical analysis.Analysis is also undertaken of the question of whether each Farmers'Association credit department possesses the necessary economies of scale and economies of scope, in order to explore the feasibility of implementing a policy of mergers among them.An attempt is made to simulate the merging of Farmers'Associations within the same county or city, and estimates produced with respect to whether overall operating costs would be reduced following such a merger