论国有资产管理法制建设－兼论国有资产监管体制改革的法制化趋势

由厦门大学财政系提供的2003年国有资产监管体制与公共财政制度改革国际会议论文集20法制化是国有资产监管体制改革的趋势之一，加强国有资产管理必须立法先行。国有资产管理的基本法制规范包括关于国有资产管理主体的法律、关于国有资产经营秩序的法律和关于国有资产保护的法律。加强国有资产管理法制建设，应坚持做到国有资产管理立法、司法和法制文化建设三者之间的同步配套、协调发展

渤海湾营养盐与浮游植物群落结构的变化特征及关系分析

&nbsp; &nbsp; 渤海湾是环渤海地区社会经济发展的核心地带之一，环湾区域人口高度密集，工、农业生产十分活跃。高强度人类活动给渤海湾生态环境带来了巨大压力，导致海水富营养化不断加剧，赤潮灾害频发。在&ldquo;十三五&rdquo;规划中，渤海湾的水质污染治理是蓝色海湾整治工程的重要内容。研究海水富营养化历程、浮游植物群落的历史变化特征、以及两者间的相关关系，是在渤海湾建立陆源减排方案，开展水环境治理和赤潮灾害防治工作的重要依据。本研究通过在渤海湾开展的调查航次，以及20世纪50年代至21世纪10年代期间的历史调查资料，研究了渤海湾营养盐和浮游植物群落的时空分布特征与响应关系。主要研究结果如下： &nbsp; &nbsp; （1）营养盐的时空分布特征 &nbsp; &nbsp; 调查结果表明，溶解无机氮（Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: DIN）、溶解磷酸盐（Dissolved inorganic phosphorus: DIP）和溶解硅酸盐（Dissolved silicate: DSi）均呈现出显著的时空差异。DIN在春季、夏季和秋季的平均浓度分别为15.32 &mu;mol/L、7.37 &mu;mol/L和10.42 &mu;mol/L，空间分布较为相似，高值区主要分布于渤海湾西侧近岸海域，与陆源输入密切相关。DIP在三个季节的平均浓度分别为0.16 &mu;mol/L、0.19 &mu;mol/L和0.13 &mu;mol/L，春季高值区主要出现在近岸海域，夏季和秋季的高值区主要出现在曹妃甸附近海域，与陆源输入、沉积物释放等因素相关。DSi在三个季节的平均浓度分别为3.06 &mu;mol/L、3.34 &mu;mol/L和4.69 &mu;mol/L，春季高值区主要出现在海河口附近海域和南岸近岸海域，夏季主要出现在北岸和湾口海域，秋季则主要出现在曹妃甸西侧海域，并向湾口延伸，与沉积物释放和海流等因素密切相关。基于聚类分析结果，可将渤海湾营养盐的分布以15 m等深线为界，分为西侧海域和东侧海域两个区间，其中西侧海域以陆源影响为主，在三个季节均具有较高DIN和DIN/DIP，东侧海域则以海源影响为主，存在季节性的高DIP、DSi、DSi/DIN和DSi/DIP。 &nbsp; &nbsp; （2）浮游植物群落的时空分布特征 &nbsp; &nbsp; 本次调查共鉴定得到浮游植物109种，其中硅藻77种，甲藻29种，金藻2种，绿藻1种。春季、夏季和秋季的浮游植物平均丰度分别为0.74&times;104 cells/L、16.31&times;104 cells/L和0.89&times;104 cells/L。春季和秋季主要由硅藻组成，优势种为柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima）、诺氏海链藻（Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii）和具槽帕拉藻（Paralia sulcata）等；夏季甲藻较多，部分甲藻成为优势种，如米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）和叉角藻（Ceratium furca）。从空间分布上来看，春季的高值区主要出现在渤海湾北岸和沧州附近海域，夏季高值区主要位于从西北角向南岸延伸的海域，秋季高值区位于天津附近、南岸和湾口北侧海域。统计分析表明，海水温度、盐度和营养盐是影响浮游植物季节差异和空间分布的重要因素。基于聚类分析结果，渤海湾浮游植物群落可大致以20 m等深线分为西侧和东侧海域两个区间，其中西侧海域甲藻类群的比例较高，与相对较高的DIN浓度以及高的DIN/DIP密切相关，而东侧海域则以硅藻类群为主，与相对较高浓度的DIP和DSi密切相关。 &nbsp; &nbsp; （3）营养盐与浮游植物的相关性分析 &nbsp; &nbsp; 通过比较1950s~2010s的历史资料，发现渤海湾营养盐的变化特征基本表现为：DIN平均浓度（5月、8月和10月，下同）持续升高而DIP和DSi平均浓度降低；DIN/DIP持续升高，DSi/DIN显著降低，主要营养盐限制因子从DIN转变为DIP或DSi。生活废水排放、海水养殖等人类活动是导致营养盐浓度及比例变化的重要因素。在季节水平上，DIN在夏季的变化幅度相对于春季和秋季较小，而DSi在夏季的变化幅度较大，这可能与海河流域在夏季降水量减少较快减缓了N和Si向近海的输运有关；DIP在夏季的变化相对平缓，可能与夏季底层海水低氧促进了P从沉积物释放进入水体有关。 &nbsp; &nbsp; 浮游植物平均细胞丰度与叶绿素a平均浓度均表现为先减少后增加的趋势。浮游植物群落结构组成的变化主要体现为甲藻以及小细胞硅藻的增多。DIN和DIN/DIP的不断升高是造成浮游植物群落变化的重要原因。在季节水平上，春季浮游植物细胞丰度出现了先增加后减少的变化过程，夏季则为先减少后增加，其变化拐点均位于20世纪90年代，这部分研究尚需更多观测资料进行验证。 &nbsp; &nbsp; 通过研究渤海湾营养盐和浮游植物的时空变化特征，提出渤海湾可大致以15~20 m等深线分为西侧和东侧海域，分别是陆源因素主要影响区和海源因素主要影响区，建议渤海湾水环境治理工作重点放在西侧近岸海域，以陆源N输入削减为主。通过对历史调查资料的综合分析，发现营养盐和浮游植物的变化存在季节差异与不同影响因素，研究结果为深入认识渤海湾生态环境在人类活动和气候变化共同作用下的演变特征提供了科学依据。</p

Temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community and environmental factors in Laizhou bay

An ecological survey was carried out in May and September 2014 in the Laizhou bay,with the aim of exploring temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton community and their correlation with environmental factors. The results showed that differences of the average salinity,concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen ( DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate ( DIP) in the two months were not obvious,with the differences of 0.80,4.90 mumol /L and 0.01 mumol /L,respectively. Compared to the values in May,the average of temperature and dissolved silicate ( DSi) concentrations increased 11.0℃ and 6.02 mumol /L,and declined gradually from the inshore to offshore waters in September,corresponding to the increased freshwater loading. The analysis of nutrient structure indicated that no sites appeared nitrogen limitation in two surveys. Up to 80% sites showed absolute and relative limitation in DSi, while DIP limitation only appeared in one sites in May. In contrast,86.7% of the sites had DIP limitation but only one site had DSi limitation in September. The reason might be related to increased precipitation and silicate loadings during the water and sediment regulation of Yellow River in July. Phytoplankton responded to environmental changes and higher diversity and biomass of phytoplankton appeared in September. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis between phytoplankton assemblages and environmental factors indicated that increased temperature and concentrations of DSi were dominant factors related to the temporal and spatial variation of phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates had a higher sensitivity to changes of temperature and salinity than diatoms

莱州湾浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的时空变化特征研究

本文对莱州湾2014年5月和9月水文、化学和生物参数进行了综合分析,探讨了浮游植物群落结构与环境因子时空分布特征及相互关系。研究表明,两个月份的盐度、溶解性无机氮(DIN)与溶解性无机磷(DIP)均值差别较小,均值分别相差0.80,4.90μmol/L,0.01μmol/L;而平均温度在9月份较5月份升高了11.0℃,溶解性硅酸盐(DSi)平均浓度升高了6.02μmol/L。营养盐结构分析表明,调查期间不存在氮限制,5月份仅1个站位存在DIP相对限制,但80%的站位存在硅限制;相反,9月份86.7%的站位存在DIP的相对限制,仅有1个站位存在硅限制。雨季降水的增多,尤其7月份黄河调水调沙带来的大量泥沙,可能是缓解莱州湾硅限制的重要因素。浮游植物群落结构响应了环境变化,物种多样性与生物量在9月份显著高于5月份。通过对浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的主成分分析,发现DSi浓度和海水温度升高是引起两个月份浮游植物群落结构差异的重要环境因子,其中,硅藻群落对温、盐变化的敏感性低于甲藻群落

Spatial and temporal distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll a,and their influential factors in Caofeidian coastal waters

Based on two cruises respectively carried out in May 2014 and August 2013 in Caofeidian coastal waters, temporal and spatial distributions of nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chl a) ,their influential factors and correlations with water temperature, salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended particle matter (SPM) were analyzed in this study. Trophic status and nutrient limitation were assessed,and changes of trophic status after land reclamation were discussed. The results showed dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ,dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) and dissolved silicate (DSi) were mainly affected by riverine inputs and sediment release with high values ordinarily occurred in inshore waters. Nutrient quality index (NQI) ranged from 1. 07 to 2. 23, indicating their oligotrophic or mesotrophic status. Nutrient limitations showed seasonal variations,which were Si limitation in spring and P limitation in summer. The high values of Chl a in spring were observed in eastern offshore waters and the northeastern bay,which was related to salinity,P and Si,while those in summer occurred near Caofeidian foreland and the northeastern bay,which was mainly related to P and Si. The comparison between historical data and this study revealed that in spring DIN,NQI and Chl a decreased in western sea areas and increased in eastern sea areas,which was possibly related to nutrients redistribution induced by spatial variations of tidal changes after reclamation,while in summer DIN and NQI decreased and Chl a increased in most study areas, suggesting nutrients were largely consumed by phytoplankton and influence of reclamation should be further discussed basing on phytoplankton community.</p

Study on the morphologic change of Caofeidian islands

在解译1979-2012年间典型历史时期遥感影像的基础上,研究曹妃甸诸岛形态演变情况。研究显示,曹妃甸岛围填海（2003年）前自然变化较小,但整体形态呈逐渐缩小、向内陆弯曲趋势。随通岛路的建成（2005年）,自然岛体消失,人工岛体面积逐渐扩大。除曹妃甸因围填海面积扩大外,其周边诸岛均呈面积缩小趋势,已经处于末年期,自然演化状态已趋于终止。分析曹妃甸诸岛演变过程,除受围填海和挖沙等人为活动影响外,来水来沙量减少、风暴潮频发、水动力条件影响是曹妃甸诸岛演变的主要自然影响因素

近三十年来曹妃甸岸线岛体时空演变特征分析

在对1979年、1987年、1991年、1997年、2002年-2005年、2008年、2012年十个时期曹妃甸遥感影像图解译的基础上,从自然地理学角度对岸线和岛体历史演变趋势进行系统分析,得到曹妃甸岸线和岛体动态变化。研究结果显示,曹妃甸岛体面积在近半个世纪发生了较大的变化,由0.34 km2增加为227.34 km2;岸线整体表现为向海推进,1979年曹妃甸陆域岸线25.21%为自然岸线,之后自然岸线比例逐渐减少,自2002年起人工岸线占据了曹妃甸陆域岸线的全部,2012年岛体整体人工岸线长度较1989年自然岸线增长10倍之多;岛体在自然演变时期呈现中部侵蚀、两端淤积、端点延长、西向漂移且..

Research on the long-term variation of zooplankton community in the coastal area of Caofeidian, Hebei Province

基于1959、1984、1990与2004年曹妃甸海域的历史调查资料,分析了曹妃甸海域浮游动物群落的长期变化特征。结果表明:曹妃甸海域浮游动物生物量和丰度整体上呈现增长的趋势,春季尤为显著。2004年春季生物量和丰度分别达到了1093.8 mg/m~3和775.8 ind/m~3,为1959年的4.75倍和5.15倍。浮游动物丰度的季节变化由1959年的夏季高于春季转变为2004年的春季高于夏季的趋势。曹妃甸北部和东北部海域春、夏两季浮游动物生物量和丰度均较高,尤其东北侧龙岛附近海域形成一个极高值区。浮游动物优势种季节变化明显,春季主要为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)与双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa);夏季以强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)为主。此外,水母类浮游动物在夏季明显增多

Effects of environmental variables on catch rates of Thunnus alalunga in waters near Cook Islands

基于2014年5月的现场调查,从水质、底质和生物三个方面构建了曹妃甸近岸生态系统的健康评价指标体系,利用模糊综合评价法评价曹妃甸近岸海域各站点健康水平和综合健康水平。评价结果显示:底质优于水质和生物,综合健康评价结果为亚健康。采用反距离权重(IDW)空间插值法绘制的水质、底质和生物的健康状况空间分布图以及综合健康水平空间分布图。水质、底质和生物的健康水平空间变化趋势差别较大,综合健康分布图反映出研究区西侧比东侧污染更为严重的现状

Phytoplankton community and changes after reclamation in Caofeidian coastal waters

Based on two surveys respectively in August 2013 and May 2014 in Caofeidian coastal waters,phytoplankton community,its correlations with environmental factors,and changes after land reclamation were analyzed.The results showed that totally 49 and 76 species were identified in spring and summer,respectively,in which diatoms dominated with rare dinoflagellates and chrysophytes.Phytoplankton abundance in spring ranged from 1.93×10~4 cells/m~3 to 7.89×10~4 cells/m~3,and dominant species included Paralia sulcata,Coscinodiscus subtilis,etc.; while in summer,it ranged from 5.85×10~4 cells/m~3 to 5022.91×10~4 cells/m~3,and dominant species were Eucampia zodiacus,Skeletonema costatum,etc.The distributions of phytoplankton abundance in spring and summer were similar with high abundances ordinarily observed in inshore waters.Temperature,salinity and nutrients were important factors controlling seasonal shifts and spatial variations of phytoplankton community.After land reclamation,the changes of Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H′) and Pielou eveness index(J) showed spatial variations,which was related to nutrients redistribution due to hydrodynamic changes.The northeastern bay was seriously affected by reclamation.Freshwater and nutrients imported by rivers were hard to exchange outside,thus promoting the proliferation of E.zodiacus whose abundance reached 3725.58×10~4 cells/m~3 in summer,which suggested that the bay tended to be threatened by red tide