中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

迎浪角及波浪周期对张力腿平台响应的影响分析

利用WAMIT软件结合自编数据处理程序,以一典型多柱式张力腿平台为例,计算了迎浪角及波浪周期变化情况下该平台的艏摇幅值及水平方向响应极大值。计算结果表明:张力腿平台的低频率响应较为显著;迎浪角的变化对多柱式张力腿平台高频响应影响较大,而对其低频响应影响较为微弱

油藏数值模拟中井筒压力梯度的校正方法

有限元法用于油藏数值模拟具有独特的优越性.由于井筒附近流动的特殊性,直接采用数值模拟得到的压力梯度计算油井产量会导致较大的误差.本文分析了数值模拟中井筒压力梯度产生误差的原因,在此基础上提出了计算井筒压力梯度的校正公式.计算结果表明,压力梯度校正公式可显著提高油井产量的计算精度,并能有效地减少井筒附近的网格剖分数量,从而提高了计算效率

WELLBORE PRESSURE GRADIENT CORRECTION METHOD IN NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION

有限元法用于油藏数值模拟具有独特的优越性.由于井筒附近流动的特殊性,直接采用数值模拟得到的压力梯度计算油井产量会导致较大的误差.本文分析了数值模拟中井筒压力梯度产生误差的原因,在此基础上提出了计算井筒压力梯度的校正公式.计算结果表明,压力梯度校正公式可显著提高油井产量的计算精度,并能有效地减少井筒附近的网格剖分数量,从而提高了计算效率

Screening of the Brewer′s Yeast Strain JY2-2 by Laser Mutagenesis and Its Pilot Fermentation

用He-Ne激光辐照诱变啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)XB05,分离抗双乙酰的菌株,通过三角瓶发酵筛选,得到几株优良的菌株,其中菌株JY2-2用500 mL三角瓶装300 mL 12.5°Bx麦芽汁在12℃下发酵8 d,发酵液的发酵度为66%,双乙酰、乙醛和总高级醇的含量分别为0.079 0、7.43和87.22 mg/L.以12°Bx麦芽汁为培养基用500 L发酵罐发酵,发酵7 d发酵液的发酵度为68.8%,双乙酰、乙醛和总高级醇的含量分别为0.034 4、5.12和70.6 mg/L.啤酒口感纯正清爽,突变株JY2-2的主要发酵特性稳定,具有很好的应用前景.Several fine brewer′s yeast strains were obtained from the original strain XB05 after mutagenesis with laser and screening.Among the mutants,fermented degree of mutant JY2-2 was 66%,the content of diacetyl,acetaldehyde and total higher alcohols were respectively 0.079 0,7.43,87.22 mg/L under the fermentation conditions of 500 mL flask with 300 mL 12.5°Bx wort at 12℃ for 8 days.The fermentation degree of mutant JY2-2 was 68.8%,the content of diacetyl,acetaldehyde and total higher alcohols in the fermented liquid were respectively 0.034 4,70.6,5.12 mg/L under the conditions of 500 L fermentor with 400L 12°Bx wort at 12℃ for 7 days.The sensory evaluation of the beer produced by the mutant strain JY2-2 was nice.The fermentated properties of the mutant JY2-2 were relatively stable.JY2-2 is of well applied prospect on the beer brewing.福建雪津啤酒有限公司资

Screening of the Fine Brewer′s Yeast Strain JW1-3 and Its Pilot Fermentation

啤酒酵母菌种的优劣在啤酒酿造生产中起着至关重要的作用.为了获得优良的啤酒酿造酵母菌株,试验用半导体激光诱变处理啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株XB05,在含双乙酰的麦芽汁琼脂平板上分离抗双乙酰的突变株,然后用三角瓶在低温下发酵,以发酵液的发酵度、双乙酰、乙醛和总高级醇的含量为筛选指标,结果得到一株发酵特性优良的菌株JW1-3.菌株JW1-3以9°Bx麦芽汁为培养基,用500 L发酵罐在12℃下发酵13 d,发酵液的发酵度为67.8%,发酵液中的双乙酰、乙醛和总高级醇的含量分别为0.039 4、4.81和60.2 mg/L.菌株JW1-3的主要发酵特性优良且稳定,啤酒口感良好.该菌株在啤酒生产中具有很好的应用前景.Beer is one of the most popular drink at present,and the yeast strain plays a key role on the beer brewing.In order to obtain the fine brewer′s yeast strain,Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XB05 was radiated by semiconductor laser(wavelength:630 nm;power:1 w) for 10,20 and 30 min.The mono-colonies growing on wort plate agar containing diacetyl 135 μg/mL were isolated.The anti-diacetyl mutants were fermented in 500 mL flask with 300 mL wort at 12℃ for 8 d and selected with the fermented degree and the content of diacetyl,acetaldehyde and total higher alcohols of the fermented liquid as the main target.As a result,the fine strain JW1-3 was obtained.Under the conditions of 500 L fermentor with 400 L 9°Bx wort at 12℃ for 13 d,the fermented degree of mutant JW1-3 was 67.8%,the content of diacetyl,acetaldehyde and total higher alcohols in the fermented liquid were 0.039 4,4.81 and 60.2 mg/L,respectively.The fermented properties of the mutant JW1-3 were relatively stable.The sensory evaluation of the beer produced by the mutant strain JW1-3 was nice.Strain JW1-3 is of well applied prospect on the beer brewing.福建雪津啤酒有限公司资

The Selection of Low Diacetyl Brewer's Yeast Strain ZT21-9-2 and Its ILV2 Gene Analysis

为了获得低产双乙酰的菌株,从保藏的啤酒工业酵母菌种中分离甲磺隆(SM)抗性自发突变株,经低温发酵测定发酵液的发酵度和双乙酰等啤酒风味物质的含量,结果得到ZT21-9-2等5株优良的SM抗性株.其中SM抗性株ZT21-9-2用500 L发酵罐发酵8 d,发酵液的发酵度为68.4%,发酵液的双乙酰、总高级醇和乙酸的含量分别为0.036 3、79.53和74.90 mg/L,该菌株具有很好的应用前景.为了探讨致使乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)编码基因ILV2突变而使ALS结构改变的关键碱基,为构建低产双乙酰的啤酒酵母工程菌提供依据,作者比较了SM抗性株ZT21-9-2及其亲株EY2-1的ILV2基因的DNA序列,结果发现SM抗性株ZT21-9-2共有6个碱基发生了转换,1个碱基发生了颠换.In order to gain brewer's yeast strains of low diacetyl yield,sulfometuron methyl(SM)-resistant spontaneous mutants were isolated from brewer's yeast strains kept in our laboratory.After low temperature fermentation,five SM-resistant strains with good fermentation characteristics were screened out by the determination of fermentation degree and the flavor elements contents such as diacetyl,total high alcohols and acetate in the fermented liquid.ZT21-9-2 is one of the strains with good application prospects.Following 8 days' fermentation in the 500 L fermentor at 12℃,the fermentation degree of mutant ZT21-9-2 was 68.4%,the contents of diacetyl,total high alcohols and acetate in the fermented liquid were respectively 0.036 3,79.53 and 74.90 mg/L.To find out the key mutation zone of the ILV2 gene which could lead to the disfunction of acetolactate synthase(ALS),and to provide the mechanism for the construction of low diacetyl brewer's yeast,the DNA sequences of the ILV2 gene encoding ALS of SM-resistant mutant ZT21-9-2 and its parent strain EY2-1 were compared,and six bases transition and one base transversion in the ILV2 gene of strain ZT21-9-2 were found.英博雪津啤酒有限公司资

Screening of the Fine Brewer’s Yeast Strain UN_(41)

以啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) W作为出发菌株,用亚硝酸和紫外线连续诱变,在含双乙酰 150μg/mL(亚硝酸诱变)或200μg/mL(紫外线诱变)的麦芽汁琼脂平板上分离抗双乙酰的菌株,通过三角瓶发酵筛选得到一株优良的啤酒酵母菌株UN41.该菌株在500 mL三角瓶装300 mL 12°Bx麦芽汁的培养基中,12℃下发酵8 d,发酵液的发酵度为65.0%;双乙酰、高级醇和乙醛的含量分别为0.076 8 mg/L、92.15 mg/L和9.33 mg/L,比出发菌株W的降低了37.6%、19.9%和27.6%.The objective of this work was to obtain a fine brewer’s yeast strain by mutating Saccharomyces cerevisiae W.After continual mutagenesis with nitrous acid (HNO_2) and ultraviolet rays (UV) and isolating the mono-colonies growing on 6°Bx wort plate agar containing diacetyl 150 μg/mL (as treated with HNO_2) or 200 μg/mL (as treated with UV),49 mutants was selected.Fermentation degree and diacetyl,aldehyde and total higher alcohols content were taken as the main target,the fine strain UN_(41) was obtained from strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae W.In the fermented liquid of strain UN_(41) under the fermentation conditions of 500 mL flask with 300 mL 12°Bx wort at 12℃ for 8 days,degree of fermentation was 65.0%,the content of diacetyl,higher alcohols and acetaldehyde were 0.076 8 mg/L,92.15 mg/L and 9.33 mg/L,37.6%,19.9% and 27.6% lower than that of the original strain W,respectively. The strain UN_(41) is of potentially applicable to beer brewing

Study on Optimization of Flocculence and Fermentation Characteristics of Brewer's Yeast by Protoplast Fusion

以发酵度较高、凝絮性较差的啤酒酵母菌株H38的原生质体为受体,以凝絮性较强、发酵度较低的啤酒酵母菌株N1热灭活的原生质体为供体进行融合.用正交试验法分别优化两亲株的原生质体制备和再生的条件以及原生质体融合的条件.用制霉菌素抗性为遗传标记选择融合子.融合子初筛时以凝絮性为指标,复筛时以发酵度和发酵液中的主要风味物质的含量为指标.对得到的融合子进行了异核体和遗传稳定性的检验,结果得到两株凝絮性以及发酵特性较好的菌株HN31和HN40.The objective of this work was to optimize the flocculence and fermentation characters of brewer's yeast by protoplast fusion technology.Saccharomyces cerevisiae H38 and N1 were used as the parent strains for protoplast fusion.The strain H38 was a non-flocculence strain with a relatively high fermentation degree and the strain N1 was a strain with a relatively low fermentation degree and the relatively strong flocculence.The formational and regenerative conditions of strain H38 and N1 protoplast were optimized with the orthogonal test method.The protoplast fusants were constructed with H38 protoplasts as receptors and heat-inactivated strain N1 protoplasts as donors.The fusion conditions between strain H38 and N1 protoplast were optimized with the orthogonal test method.Anti-mycostatin character were used as genetic mark to select the fusion strains.Fusants were selected with flocculation ability,fermentation degree and content of diacetyl,acetaldehyde,total higher alcohols in the fermented liquid as screening criteria.As a result,two fine fusants with the relatively strong floccutence,high fermentation degree and low content of dicetyl,acetaldehyde and total alcohole in the fermented liquid were obtained.福建雪津啤酒有限公司资