Remote Sensing Classification System of Land Use and Land Cover for Global Coastal Zone Considering Fine Classification of Wetlands

Land use and land cover (LULC) classification is the important foundation for research on global changes, while establishing a scientific LULC classification system is the fundamental question for research on LULC changes, which is in need of being solved at first. It can influence the expressive methods of classification results, determine the research purposes and application areas of classification product. The existing LULC classification systems on regional or global scales place emphasis on monitoring and research in land areas, while several coastal LULC classification systems on national scale show specific pertinence and teleonomy. It is lack of universality of LULC categories in the global coastal zone, especially in the classification of coastal wetlands. In view of the significant diversity of LULC categories and a lack of LULC classification systems in the global coastal zone, the main research works are as follows: a detailed overview of global coastal zone was presented; the Ramsar Convention was of particular concern, as were several wetland classification systems on regional or global scales; the classification rules and classification principles were defined and followed strictly. As a result of this study, we established one kind of LULC classification system for global coastal zone considering fine classification of wetlands. More specifically, this classification system, which covers most types of land resources comprehensively, includes six primary categories and 20 secondary categories as well as 43 tertiary categories. It is worth mentioning that primary categories mainly include cropland, vegetation, wetland, built-up area, bare area and permanent ice and snow; furthermore, tertiary categories emphasize the division of coastal wetland resources adequately and accurately, including coastal saltwater and inland freshwater, which hold a total of 16 basic categories. This classification system has clear hierarchy and strict classification, as compared with the traditional classification systems. The advantages of this system are as follows: 1) it meets the need of remote sensing monitoring research on LULC classifications and changes in coastal zones on regional or global scales; 2) it attaches importance to the rich and diverse wetland resources in the global coastal areas; 3) it emphasizes the attribution and classification of tundra in the high latitudes of the world; 4) it takes into account the advantages of low, medium and high spatial resolution satellite data. Overall, such a classification system can provide support for establishing the multi-temporal datasets of LULC changes in the global or regional coastal zones, which is not restricted by the source data types; it can also provide service for scientific research on coastal zones on different scales by adding and deleting categories, which is applicable to different researchers

Spatial Simulation of Population in China's Coastal Zone based on Multi-source Data

Coastal zone is not only the hotspot of population aggregation and rapid economic growth, but also eco- environmentally sensitive, vulnerable to natural disasters.Detailed spatial distribution information of population is of great significance for solving resource allocation and disaster risk management in the coastal zone.This paper took the coastal cities in China as the study area.We combined the NPP- VIIRS data and NDVI data to construct Human Settlements Index(HSI), and selected the proportion of residential area per unit grid as a parameter to enhance the inter-demographic difference.Then, we used the dynamic partitioning samples and model to obtain the 1000 m grid population distribution data in the coastal zone of China(POP).To show the advantages of our proposed modeling approach, the published Chinese 1000 m grid population data(TPOP)and world population data with 100 m resolution(WorldPOP)were used to compare with our simulated POP data.For the comparison, three indicators were chosen: the macroscopic distribution characteristics, difference between urban and rural area, and population distribution within city.Results show that all the three data can reflect the macroscopic distribution characteristics of population in China&#39;s coastal zone, while POP has the best performance of depicting urban and rural differences in population distribution and the most detailed features of population distribution within city.According to the census and POP data, due to the influence of the coastal terrain and regional to national economic development strategies, the population distribution in China&#39;s coastal zone has obvious regional characteristics:(1)Topographically, the population density of montane and tidal flats areas is generally low(below 5 person/hm~2), while that of plain and estuary delta areas is generally high(over 10 person/hm~2).(2)At macroscopic scale, areas with high population density(over 25 person/hm~2)are mainly concentrated in coastal plain areas such as the Circum Bohai Sea region, the Yangtze River delta and the Pearl River delta;the population distribution in the north of the Yangtze River has the pattern of large dispersion and small concentration, especially in the provinces of Shandong and Jiangsu, the population distribution in the south of the Yangtze River is relatively concentrated, mainly in the coastal lowlands and plains in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong.(3)Regarding the urban and rural differences, the higher the urban level is, the more significant the gradient characteristics of population distribution will be;meanwhile, there is a huge difference in population density among urban, suburbs and exurban areas.</p

Tendency of coastline variations on Mainland China since 1940s

基于1940s&mdash;2014年六个时相的中国大陆岸线数据,利用基于剖面计算的岸线变化速率,在全国、省域与区域三个尺度定量分析中国大陆岸线变化的时空特征,结论如下:1)1940s以来,中国大陆岸线总体以扩张趋势为主;大规模扩张趋势主要发生于淤泥质海岸,空间分布较为集中和连续,而后退趋势主要表现为砂砾质海岸的侵蚀后退,空间分布较为分散;2)在10省市区层面,岸线均是扩张与后退并存,但以扩张趋势为主,其中,天津、河北、上海、江苏岸线的不稳定性最高;3)在32个区域层面,除海州湾至江苏废黄河口岸段,绝大多数区域的岸线均以扩张趋势为主;黄河三角洲、莱州湾南岸、江苏废黄河口至长江三角洲岸段岸线动态度较高;4)近70年来,辽河三角洲至莱州湾南岸岸线持续向海扩张,1990年后,虽然扩张规模有所减小,强度却显著增加;长江三角洲至杭州湾岸段,岸线扩张势头强劲且1990年后更趋增强;杭州湾以南岸线,扩张强度始终较为平稳。总的来说,从位移方向的角度分析中国大陆岸线变化的时空特征,尤其是对扩张与后退热点区域的识别,将有助于海岸带区域环境与生态问题的防治、资源的优化配置以及经济社会的可持续发展。&nbsp

A dataset of land cover classification in 25 port cities and their surrounding areas along“One Belt and One Road” (2015)

利用2015年成像的Landsat 8 OLI多光谱影像，参考全球30 m土地覆盖数据（GlobeLand30）的分类标准、制图规范，建立&ldquo;一带一路&rdquo;港口城市土地覆盖分类系统，运用ENVI 5.2软件，基于支持向量机的监督分类方法，对&ldquo;一带一路&rdquo;海上丝绸之路沿线的25个重要港口城市及其周边区域的土地覆盖进行遥感分类，经过严格的修改与精度验证工作，得到土地覆盖分类数据。本数据集可用于土地利用变化、生态环境变化研究，能够清晰反映港口城市建成区及其周边地区的生态环境现状特征。</p

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区土地利用演变区域差异研究

以黄河三角洲高效生态经济区为研究区,应用1995-2010年的遥感影像及相关资料,采用多种定量模型方法开展土地利用演变的区域差异研究.结果表明全区的土地利用类型面积、类型间的转化数量、土地利用变化速度和土地利用系统的有序程度都存在明显的区域差异特征.&nbsp

Effects of Land Use Change on Imbalance in Ecosystem Services:A Case Study of Laizhou Bay Coastal Zone

以莱州湾海岸带为研究区,基于2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年多时相土地利用数据,应用生态系统服务价值评估,逐层剖析土地利用变化对生态系统服务失衡特征的影响。结果表明:莱州湾海岸带供水与空气组分调节服务呈负值,2000~2014年,生态系统服务总价值丧失43%(147亿美元/a),生态系统服务多样性降低甚至丧失,呈向海性,围填海造成162亿美元生态损失。土地利用变化方式是造成生态失衡的主因,主要包括:交通工矿、盐田、养殖及城镇扩张,滩涂、河口湿地、耕地被侵占。滩涂和河口湿地减少,导致废物处理、栖息地、基因多样性、干扰调节、侵蚀防护服务丧失严重,交通工矿和城镇扩张,引起供水服务负效应..

Consistency of the Multiple Remote Sensing-based Land Use and Land Cover Classification Products in the Global Coastal Zones

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification products play an indispensable role in ecosystem assessment, climate change simulation, national geographical condition monitoring, and macro-control policy analysis at the global scale; consistency analysis is the precondition of applying various LULC classification products. This paper assessed the area consistency and spatial consistency of five LULC classification products - MCD12Q1-2010, GlobCover2009, CCI-LC2010, FROM-GLC2010 and GlobeLand30-2010- in the global coastal zones. The five products were compared in terms of the deviation coefficient, correlation coefficient, error matrix, and spatial confusion of LULC types. The main findings are as follows: (1) The spatial patterns of LULC in five products demonstrate relatively strong overall consistency, but can have significant local inconsistency. (2) The five products are qualitatively consistent yet quantitatively inconsistent in classifying the LULC in the global coastal zones ? in terms of structure, water ranks top one, followed by forest and unused land, next are farmland, grassland and shrubland, and lastly wetland and artificial surface, yet the exact area of each LULC type differs among different products. (3) For the correlation coefficient, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient, MCD12Q1-2010/GlobCover2009 have the minimum values, 0.8814, 67.46% and 0.5748, respectively; while GlobCover2009/CCI-LC2010 have the maximum values, 0.9869, 81.50% and 0.7505, respectively; it is because GlobCover2009 and CCI-LC2010 obtained from the same production organization have the same classification system, while MCD12Q1-2010 is different from GlobCover2009 in terms of the production organization, data source, classification system, and classification method. (4) For the spatial confusion/misclassification between any two different products, grassland, shrubland, and wetland have the highest mix-up ratios, followed by farmland and artificial surface, and lastly forest, unused land, and water; this difference is because forest, unused land, and water have distinctive spectral characteristics and clear spatial textures, while grassland, shrubland, and wetland have similar spectral characteristics and fuzzy spatial distributions. (5) There are 28.81% land area in the global coastal zones with relatively low consistency, i.e., with severe spatial confusion; specifically, the misclassification of farmland, forest, grassland, shrubland, wetland, and unused land has direct influence on the spatial consistency of the five products. This paper is hoped to serve as a reference of selecting data from the five available LULC products for researching coastal zones.</p