765 research outputs found
Market value of languages in Japan
æ±äº¬å€åœèªå€§åŠTokyo University of Foreign Studiesãã®è«æã§ã¯,èšèªã®åžå ŽäŸ¡å€ãèšæããæ段ã,æ¥æ¬èªãäŸã«ããŠè«ãããèšèªã¯çŸå®ã«äžçã§å£²è²·ãããŠãã,èšèªã®åžå ŽäŸ¡å€ãèšç®ããããšãã§ãããèšèªãåžå ŽäŸ¡å€ãæã€é©äŸã¯,ãèšèªç£æ¥ãã«èŠããããèŸæžã»å
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çåŽé¢ãèŠéããŠã¯ãªããªããIn this paper, an attempt at estimating market value of languages in the case of Japan will be discussed. Languages are actually bought and sold in the world, and the market values of languages can be calculated. The fact that languages have market values is shown in the "language industry". The publication of books is a good key to measure the market values of languages, especially dictionaries and language texts. Language school is another example of language industry. Usage patterns of multilingual signs are also observed in Tokyo. The growth of economy (GNP) is often used as a measure of growth of market value of the Japanese language. However, only a slight correlation is found between them. Three additional foreign cultural factors should be taken into consideration; (1) the growth of multilingual activities, (2) the growth of practical language education and (3) the growth of higher education in foreign countries. Several theoretical problems connected with the basic mechanism of the market value of languages will be discussed. The market value of languages has a peculiar characteristic. The values are decided in a different way from rare goods. We should not forget that language has another important characteristic. Language values can be subdivided into (1) intellectual factor which is determined by the market value and (2) emotional factor. The relative emotional value of a language is inversely correlated with intellectual factors. There are differential scales among the world languages, and economic principles seem to prevail among them. The Japanese language presents a typical case of shift of market value in the global language market. Still we should not overlook the emotional or pathetic side of language
ãå ±åç 究ãããžã§ã¯ã玹ä»ãåºå¹¹å : æ¥æ¬èªã®å€§èŠæš¡çµå¹Žèª¿æ»ã«é¢ããç·åçç 究 æ¬èªã®æ人åŸæ¡çš : 岡åŽæ¬èªèª¿æ»ã®ãå·ã®åãå€å
åœç«åœèªç 究ææ空éå€ç°ç 究系客å¡ææåœç«åœèªç 究æããããŸã§åäžçŽä»¥äžã«ããã£ãŠç¶ç¶ãã調æ»ã®ãã¡,岡åŽæ¬èªã«é¢ããŠææãå ±åããã調æ»ã®åç(åå¿æ)ã®é·ããåºçºç¹ã«ããã3åã®èª¿æ»çµæã®ã°ã©ãã®ç·ããããŸã§èŠ³å¯ãããããšã®ãªããã¿ãŒã³ã瀺ããã®ã§,ãŸããã®äœçœ®ä»ãã«ã€ããŠè«ããããã®ããšæ¬èªé¢é£çŸè±¡ã®ã°ã©ãã«è§£èª¬ãå ã,çžäºã®è«ççã€ãªããã«ã€ããŠèããããããŸã§å²¡åŽã®ããŠããã ããããäžå¯§ããã®åæãé²ããéã«,åå¿æã®é·ããåé¡ã«ãªã£ãã調æ»æ¬¡ãšãšãã«é·ããªãã,è¥ã人ã¯çããæå¢ãšãšãã«ããŠããã ãããå¢ã,äžå¯§ãã瀺ãè¡šçŸãå¢ãããã,åçæãé·ããªã£ããšèãããããæ¬èªã®æ人åŸæ¡çšãšæ·±ãé¢ä¿ãèªãããããThis paper reports some results from the Okazaki Survey of Honorifics, which is one of the NINJAL investigations that has continued over more than half a century. The length of survey replies (reaction sentences) is the starting point of the discussion. The theoretical background is discussed first, since the graphs from the three survey times show a pattern which has not been observed before. Then, after providing some explanatory comments regarding the graphs of other honorific-related phenomena, the logical relationships between these phenomena are considered. In previous analyses of the -te itadaku form and "politeness" degrees in Okazaki, the length of reaction sentences was an issue. Younger persons give shorter replies, although the average length has increased each time the investigation has been conducted. It seems that the reply sentences have become longer over time because the use of -te itadaku and expressions of "politeness" has increased. A close relationship with the late adoption of honorifics is apparent
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æ±äº¬å€åœèªå€§åŠTokyo University of Foreign Studiesãã®è«æã§ã¯,åŸæ¥åæãé²ããŠããæšæºèªåœ¢äœ¿çšããŒã¿ã«ã€ããŠ,äºã€ã®åçŽåãé©çšãããå°ççäœçœ®ãééè·é¢ã«ãã£ãŠè¡šçŸããããšãš,èªåœ¢ã®å°ççååžã1ç¹ã®éå¿ã§ç€ºããããšã§ãããæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯,ãŸãã河西ããŒã¿ãã®çå¥äœ¿çšçã®ã°ã©ãã«ãã,æšæºèªåœ¢ã®äžã§ãå€ä»£ååºèªã®äžéšã蟺å¢æ®åååžã瀺ãããšã確èªãããã€ãã«ã河西ããŒã¿ãã®è¡ã«ãããåèªåœ¢ã«ã€ããŠ,ééè·é¢éå¿ãèšç®ã,åèªåœ¢ã®å
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šåœäœ¿çšçãé«ãŸããšèããããããŸãå€ä»£ã«åºãèªã¯,ãã®åŸã®æ°åœ¢ã«äŸµé£ãããŠ,æåçäžå¿å°ãæãæž¡ãããšããããIn this paper two techniques of simplification are attempted to represent geographical distribution patterns of standard Japanese. The first one is a representation of two-dimensional geographical distribution patterns by one dimension. The second one is plotting the geographical locations making use of railway distances from cultural centers. By simplifying the two-dimensional geographical distribution into one by railway distance, another dimension can show the average percentage of usage of standard Japanese forms for each prefecture. "Kasai data", or numerical data of the "Linguistic Atlas of Japan", was utilized, and columns of the word-form were analyzed. Gravity centers of railway distance were calculated for each standard Japanese form, and correspondence with the nationwide rate of usage and the first year of appearance in historical documents was considered. Two-dimensional graphs (scattergrams) of the two factors were considered, and also three-dimensional graphs were analyzed. Division of the data into Archaic and Modern words by means of first year of appearance and also division into eastern and western clusters were attempted. Archaic Eastern words did not show any correspondence with first year of appearance. However, the other three categories showed fairly good correspondence with first year of appearance. This shows that the newly appearing words from a cultural center have lower percentage of usage at first, but increase its nationwide usage rate by taking the same steps with words which had spread before. However, words which had appeared early in Archaic era may later be eroded by newer dialectal forms
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ããŠããããšãããã£ããThis paper aims to examine the positioning of third-person honorifics in Okazaki, focusing on data obtained from responses related to third-person honorific expressions that were newly added from the third Okazaki Survey on Honorifics conducted in 2008. The results of this study answered the following question.What kinds of gradations exist within the honorific language system in the city of Okazaki? The following gradations were found in this study: First, the results of the analysis indicated that an evolution of respectful honorifics toward polite (addressee) honorific usage is ongoing, although there is a change in apparent time. However, in a setting wherein both one\u27s conversation partner and the person who is the topic of conversation are established as being high-ranking people, certain extent of answers can be regarded as relative honorific usage.Second, for the data on scenarios involving "third-person humiliative expressions," the usage of only a few respectful honorifics was observed when referring to a speaker\u27s father with another person as the conversation partner. This result clarified that a change toward relative honorific usage from absolute honorific usage has been identified in this regard.From the perspective of the geographical positioning of honorific language in Okazaki, the usages, characteristic in western Japan, which remain absolute honorifics, and broad respectful honorifics that are used in reference to third parties, still in casual settings, have indicated a decline. Instead, the usage trend is shifting toward an honorific system entirely comprising addressee honorifics, a characteristic of eastern Japan
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The air cleaning is one of the social problems from the view of the living environment and the health recently. A commercial kitchen and food factory generate the exhaust gas including the odorous components and the oil-mist, but it is difficult to clean this gas without frequent maintenance for disposal of oil. Various ideas have been suggested and used for it, but the decisive solution has not been found yet. This paper is concerning of proposal of the photocatalyst method which used the condensation together to clean the gas including oil-mist and odorous component, and it was clarified experimentally about the influence of operation condition and surface shape of the condensation side for the removal of oil-mist and the odorous components of formaldehyde, amine and ammonia
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·äœçã«ã¯,æ¬èªã«é¢ããæ°è¡šçŸããŠããã ããã«ãããé²è¡äžã®èšèªå€åãã¿ãã岡åŽåžã®55幎ã«ãããèš1000人èŠæš¡ã®å€§èŠæš¡ç€ŸäŒèšèªåŠç調æ»ã«åºã¥ã,幎霢ãšããèŠããã®æéãå©çšãããééã®ç°ãªã3åã®èª¿æ»çµæã,æé軞ãå¿ å®ã«åæ ã§ããã°ã©ãææ³ã«ãã£ãŠæ瀺ãããšãã,ããŠããããããŠããã ãããçå®ã«æ®åãã€ã€ããããšã,確èªã§ãããããã¯æ¥æ¬èªã®è£å©åè©ã®çºé,æåè¡šçŸã®æ®åãšäžèŽã,岡åŽãšããæ±æµ·å°æ¹ã®éœåžã®å€åãæ¥æ¬èªå²å
šäœãšæ·±ãçµã³ã€ããŠããããšãåãã£ãããã®èæ¯ã«ã¯æ¬èªå€åã®æ®éæ§ãããããšãŒãããã®äºäººç§°ä»£åè©ã®çšæ³ã«ããããåé¢ä¿ããé£åž¯é¢ä¿ãž(from power to solidarity)ããšäžŠè¡çãªå€åã,çŸä»£æ¥æ¬èªã®æ¬èªã§ãèµ·ããã€ã€ãããã€ãŸãå°äœã®äžäžã«ãã䜿ãåããã,芪çã«ãã䜿ãåãã«å€åãã€ã€ãããã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®æ°äž»åã»å¹³çåãé²ãã ãšèããããããŸã,å Žé¢ã«ãã䜿ããæ¹ã®éããã¿ããš,äŸé Œè¡šçŸã«äŒŽã£ãŠå€çšãããããã«ãªã£ããã€ãŸããã€ãŠã®èº«å,å°äœã«ããæ¬èªã®äœ¿ãæ¹ãšç°ãªã£ãåºæºãå°å
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ã芪çé¢ä¿ããããããã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã,æ¬èªã®æ°äž»åã»å¹³çåãšããŠè§£éã§ãããæ°è¡šçŸãå人ã®äžçã®éã«ããã«ç²åŸãããããã¿ããš,è¥ãäžä»£ãæåã«æ¡çšããããã§ã¯ãªãã察人é¢ä¿ã«ããããçŸè±¡ã«é¢ããŠã¯,瀟äŒç掻èºå±€ã䜿ãã¯ãããããã©ã€ããã¹ãæ¬èªãªã©ã§,30代以äžã®å£®å¹Žå±€ãæåã«æ°è¡šçŸãæ¡çšããäŸ,æ人åŸæ¡çšã®å®äŸãèªãããããThis paper describes real-time changes in the use of honorifics in Okazaki over nearly 100 years. The tendencies in Okazaki clearly reflect the history of Japanese and also coincide with world trends. Recent developments in real-time analysis of linguistic change in progress have found that linguistic change can occur within an individual long after adolescence. Here we present another example of a phenomenon known as late adoption. The data come from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics, a 55-year-long repeated survey on change and variation in honorific use, including speaker awareness, in Okazaki City, Japan, with nearly one thousand informants in total. The case in point involves the late adoption of the honorific verb itadaku \u27take, receive\u27, which as part of a serial verb construction, expresses the meaning of humbleness. The -itadaku construction begins to appear late in the Okazaki Survey data, and it was first used not by the youngest speakers, but by middle-age speakers. This late adoption of itadaku is best explained as a consequence of social value of honorifics in Japanese society, where, traditionally, the mastery of honorifics is seen as a passport into the world of adults. The late adoption of itadaku is also a manifestation of a universal of honorific change, as it involves a change from power to solidarity, a tendency that is widely known from the historical change of the second-person pronouns in the Indo-European languages. The spread of the -itadaku construction thus constitutes another example of the democratization of Japanese honorifics
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