Varijacija gena β-tubulin izotip 1 u kodonu 167 i 200 odgovorna za rezistenciju Haemonchus contortus na benzimidazol iz ovaca uzgajanih u distriktu Krishna, AP, Indija.

A study was carried out for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms at codon 167 and 200 of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene that are linked to BZ resistance of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. A total of 226 adult male worms were genotyped from different regions of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. Amplification of DNA from each worm by PCR, followed by semi-nested PCR, yielded an expected fragment of 488 bp product. The PCR product was subsequently digested with restriction endonuclease SnaBI and TaaI to detect mutation at codon 167 and 200 respectively. On digestion, three different fragment patterns were observed at codon 200, one with 215 bp, 206 bp and 67 bp (homozygous resistant; ‘rr’), the second with 282 bp, 215 bp, 206 bp and 67 bp (heterozygous; ‘rS’), and another with 282 bp and 206 bp fragment (homozygous susceptible; ‘SS’). No resistance allele (TAC) was evident at codon 167 in any worms including the worms that carried a susceptible allele (TTC) at codon 200. The overall genotype frequencies varied significantly (P<0.01) with respect to the β-tubulin gene/TaaI locus in the study area. The frequency of ‘rS’ (64.60%) genotypes was high compared to that of ‘rr’ and ‘SS’ genotypes. The genotype frequency for ‘rr’ worms ranged from 6.25% to 31.82% among different regions. In general, the prevalence of BZ resistance allele was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher (54.0%). Results revealed β-tubulin isotype 1 polymorphism at codon 200 in H. contortus of sheep indicating the occurrence of resistance allele in the study area.Provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem otkrivanja polimorfizama pojedinačnih nukleotida u kodonu 167 i 200, β-tubulin izotip 1 gena koji je povezan s otpornošću ovčjeg parazita Haemonchus contortus prema benzimidazolu (BZ). Genotipizirano je ukupno je 226 odraslih muških crva iz različitih područja distrikta Krishna, Andhra Pradesh. Umnažanje DNA iz svakoga crva pomoću PCR-a praćeno je poluugniježđenim PCR-om, čime je proizveden očekivani fragment od 488 bp. PCR produkt potom je pomiješan s restrikcijskim endonukleazama SnaBI i TaaI radi otkrivanja mutacije u kodonu 167 i 200. U kodonu 200 opažena su tri različita fragmenta, jedan s 215 bp, 206 bp i 67 bp (homozigotno rezistentan, „rr“), drugi s 282 bp, 215 bp, 206 bp i 67 bp (heterozigot, „rS“) i treći s 282 bp i 206 bp fragmentom (homozigotno sumnjiv, „SS“). Rezistentni alel (TAC) nije ustanovljen u kodonu 167 svih istraženih crva, uključujući crve koji su nosili sumnjivi alel (TTC) u kodonu 200. Ukupna učestalost genotipova znatno je varirala (P<0,01) u odnosu na β-tubulin gen/TaaI lokus istraženog područja. Učestalost genotipa „rS“ (64,60 %) bila je visoka u usporedbi s učestalošću genotipova „rr“ i „SS“. Učestalost genotipa „rr“ kod crva iz različitih područja kretala se u rasponu od 6,25 % do 31,82 %. Općenito, opažena je signifikantno (P<0,01) viša (54,0 %) prevalencija BZ rezistentnog alela. Rezultati potvrđuju da polimorfizam kodona 200 u β-tubulin izotip 1 genu ovčjeg parazita H. contortus upućuje na pojavu rezistentnih alela u istraženim područjima

Title page Regulation of Inflammatory Pain by Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH)

Abstract Although cannabinoids are efficacious in laboratory animal models of inflammatory pain, their established cannabimimetic actions diminish enthusiasm for their therapeutic development. Conversely, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the chief catabolic enzyme regulating the endogenous cannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), has emerged as an attractive target to treat pain and other conditions. Here, we tested WIN55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, as well as genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of FAAH in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mouse model of inflammatory pain. WIN55,212 significantly reduced edema and hotplate hyperalgesia caused by LPS infusion into the hind paws, though the mice also displayed analgesia and other CNS effects. FAAH (-/-) mice exhibited reduced paw edema and hyperalgesia in this model, without apparent cannabimimetic effects. Transgenic mice expressing FAAH exclusively on neurons continued to display the anti-edematous, but not the anti-hyperalgesic, phenotype. The CB 2 receptor antagonist, SR144528, blocked this non-neuronal, anti-inflammatory phenotype, and the CB 1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, blocked the anti-hyperalgesic phenotype. The FAAH inhibitor, URB597 attenuated the development of LPS-induced paw edema and reversed LPS-induced hyperalgesia through respective CB 2 and CB 1 receptor mechanisms of action. However, the TRPV1 receptor antagonist, capsazepine, did not affect either the anti-hyperalgesic or antiedematous effects of URB597. Finally, URB597 attenuated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in LPS-treated paws. These findings demonstrate that simultaneous elevations in non-neuronal and neuronal endocannabinoid signaling are possible through inhibition of a single enzymatic target, thereby offering a potentially powerful strategy to treat chronic inflammatory pain syndromes that operate at multiple levels of anatomical integration

Modeling and Agent-Based Simulation of Organization in a Stochastic Environment

12th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS), June 19-21, 2007 at the Naval War College, Newport, RI.This paper describes a generic model and agent-based simulation to facilitate the analysis of interplay of information collection (task identification) and decision making (task execution) processes, as well as the information flow behaviours in organizations in the face of stochastic mission environments. In these mission environments, task arrivals are stochastic, the characteristics of tasks are not known a priori, but maybe inferred to a certain degree by undertaking the information collection or task identification processes. Through the information collection processes, the organization collects the relevant attributes of tasks to estimate the resources necessary for their execution. This information is then used to allocate resources effectively for the execution of tasks. Our model, following structural contingency theory, depicts an organization as consisting of an informationprocessing, communication and coordination structure that is designed to achieve a specific set of goals, and is comprised of individuals with different information collecting and task execution capabilities. We develop a simulation toolkit based on a discrete event simulator, specifically the ANY LOGIC R simulation package, to quantify the performance of an organization based on this model. We illustrate our approach using a number of coordinating organizational structures operating in a stochastic mission environment

<span style="font-size: 20.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">D₂-dopamine receptor and α₂,adrenoreceptor-mediated analgesic response of quercetin </span>

1400-1404<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Quercetin, a biof1avonoid (100-300 <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="">mg/kg) produced dose dependent increase in tail-flick latency, the analgesic effect being sensitive to reversal by naloxone <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">(1 mg/kg). Prior treatment with haloperidol <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">(1 mg/kg),D1/D2 receptor antagonist <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">haloperidol, sulpiride (50 mg/kg), a selective D2 receptor antagonist, yohimbine (5 <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family: " arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="">mg/kg), a <span style="font-size:20.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif""="">α2<span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">-adrenoreceptor  antagonist but not by SCH 23390 a, selective D1<span style="font-size:11.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">receptor antagonist blocked this response. Apomorphine <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">(1 mg/kg) a mixed <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif""="">D1/D2 <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">dopamine receptor agonist, and quinpirole (0.5 <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">mg/kg), <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">a selective D<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">2<span style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"=""> <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">receptor agonist also produced antinociception, that was reversed by haloperidol <span style="font-size:13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">(1 <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="">mg/kg), <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">sulpiride (50 <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:="" italic"="">mg/kg), <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">but not by yohimbine (5 <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="">mg/kg). <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">The antinociceptive action of quercetin (200 <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="">mg/kg) <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">was potentiated by D2<span style="font-size:11.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"=""> <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">agonist quinpirole (0.2 mg/kg). Dopamine D1<span style="font-size:11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"=""> <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">receptor agonist SKF38393 (10 and 15 <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: " arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:="" italic"="">mg/kg) <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">failed to alter the antinociceptive effect of quercetin (200 mg/kg). Quercetin (200 mg/kg) reversed reserpine (2 mg/kg-4 hr) induced hyperalgesia, which was reversed by sulpiride but not by yohimbine. Thus, a role of dopamine D<span style="font-size:11.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">2 <span style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">and <span style="font-size:20.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"=""> α2 <span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" hiddenhorzocr;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" ar-sa"="">adrenoreceptors <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">is postulated in the antinoeiceptive action of quercetin.</span

Effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in various animal models (bicuculline, picrotoxin, maximal electroshock-induced convulsions) of epilepsy with possible mechanism of action

286-291Enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) is reported to play a significant role in neurodegeneration and may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Bicuculline (4 mg/kg; ip), picrotoxin (8 mg/kg; ip) and electroshock (60 mA for 0.2 sec) significantly induced convulsions in male Laka mice. COX-inhibitors viz. nimesulide (2.5 mg/kg; ip) and rofecoxib (2 mg/kg, ip) administered 45 minutes prior to an epileptic challenge prolonged mean onset time of convulsions, decreased duration of clonus and decreased % mortality rate against bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced convulsions in mice. COX-2 inhibitors were ineffective towards maximal electroshock-induced convulsions. Nimesulide (1 mg/kg) and rofecoxib (1 mg/kg) also enhanced the effect of subprotective dose of muscimol against picrotoxin-induced convulsions. The result of the present study strongly suggests for a possible role of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes particularly, COX-2 in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its GABAergic modulation

FK506 as effective adjunct to L-dopa in reserpine-induced catalepsy in rats

1264-1268Reserpine-induced catalepsy is a widely accepted animal model of Parkinson's disease. In the present study reserpine (2.5mg/kg, ip) 20 hr and alpha-mehyl- para-tyrosine (AMPT; 200 mg/kg, ip), one hour before the experiment induced significant catalepsy in rats as assessed by bar test. There was a significant increase in the time spent on the bar in bar test as compared to the control untreated rats. L-dopa (100 mg/kg, ip) and carbidopa (10 mg/kg, ip) combination, a conventional therapy was less effective in reversing reserpine- induced catalepsy. Pretreatment with FK506, a neuroprotectant (0.5-2 mg/kg, po) not only dose dependently reduced the catalepsy in reserpine-treated rats but a lower dose 1mg/kg) potentiated the motor stimulant actions of sub threshold dose of  L-dopa(100 mg/k g, ip) and carbidopa (10mg/kg, ip) combination. Anticataleptic effect of FK506 was blocked dose dependently by specific D2 receptor blocker sulpiride (25-100 mg/kg, ip ). In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that FK506 has , an indirect modulatory action on the dopamine D2 receptors. FK506 being a neuroprotectant, could be used as an effective adjunet to L-dopa for the treatment of neuroleptic- induced extrapyramidal side effects

Antinociceptive action of FK506 in mice

1405-1409<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Immunophilins are abundantly present in the brain as compared to the immune system. Immunophilin-binding agents like FKS06 are known to inactivate neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) by inhibiting calcineurin and decrease the <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">production of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is involved in the mediation of nociception at the spinal level. In the present study, the effect of FKS06 on the tail flick response in mice and the possible involvement of NO-L-arginine pathway in this <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">paradigm was evaluated. <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="">FKS06 (0.5, 1 and 3 mg/kg, ip) produced a significant antinociception in the tail flick test. Nitric <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME significantly and dose dependently (10-40 mg/kg, ip) potentiated the FKS06 (0.5 mg/kg)-induced antinocieeption. On the other hand, NOS substrate L-arginine (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited the <span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">FKS06-induced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant administration of L-NAME (20 and 40 mg/kg) with L-arginine (200 mg/kg) blocked the inhibition exerted by L-arginine on the FKS06-induced antinociception. Thus, it was concluded that NO- L-arginine pathway may be involved in the FKS06-induced antinociception in tail flick test.</span

Variation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene at codon 167 and 200 responsible for benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep of Krishna District, AP, India

A study was carried out for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms at codon 167 and 200 of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene that are linked to BZ resistance of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. A total of 226 adult male worms were genotyped from different regions of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. Amplification of DNA from each worm by PCR, followed by semi-nested PCR, yielded an expected fragment of 488 bp product. The PCR product was subsequently digested with restriction endonuclease SnaBI and TaaI to detect mutation at codon 167 and 200 respectively. On digestion, three different fragment patterns were observed at codon 200, one with 215 bp, 206 bp and 67 bp (homozygous resistant; ‘rr’), the second with 282 bp, 215 bp, 206 bp and 67 bp (heterozygous; ‘rS’), and another with 282 bp and 206 bp fragment (homozygous susceptible; ‘SS’). No resistance allele (TAC) was evident at codon 167 in any worms including the worms that carried a susceptible allele (TTC) at codon 200. The overall genotype frequencies varied significantly (P<0.01) with respect to the β-tubulin gene/TaaI locus in the study area. The frequency of ‘rS’ (64.60%) genotypes was high compared to that of ‘rr’ and ‘SS’ genotypes. The genotype frequency for ‘rr’ worms ranged from 6.25% to 31.82% among different regions. In general, the prevalence of BZ resistance allele was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher (54.0%). Results revealed β-tubulin isotype 1 polymorphism at codon 200 in H. contortus of sheep indicating the occurrence of resistance allele in the study area.Provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem otkrivanja polimorfizama pojedinačnih nukleotida u kodonu 167 i 200, β-tubulin izotip 1 gena koji je povezan s otpornošću ovčjeg parazita Haemonchus contortus prema benzimidazolu (BZ). Genotipizirano je ukupno je 226 odraslih muških crva iz različitih područja distrikta Krishna, Andhra Pradesh. Umnažanje DNA iz svakoga crva pomoću PCR-a praćeno je poluugniježđenim PCR-om, čime je proizveden očekivani fragment od 488 bp. PCR produkt potom je pomiješan s restrikcijskim endonukleazama SnaBI i TaaI radi otkrivanja mutacije u kodonu 167 i 200. U kodonu 200 opažena su tri različita fragmenta, jedan s 215 bp, 206 bp i 67 bp (homozigotno rezistentan, „rr“), drugi s 282 bp, 215 bp, 206 bp i 67 bp (heterozigot, „rS“) i treći s 282 bp i 206 bp fragmentom (homozigotno sumnjiv, „SS“). Rezistentni alel (TAC) nije ustanovljen u kodonu 167 svih istraženih crva, uključujući crve koji su nosili sumnjivi alel (TTC) u kodonu 200. Ukupna učestalost genotipova znatno je varirala (P<0,01) u odnosu na β-tubulin gen/TaaI lokus istraženog područja. Učestalost genotipa „rS“ (64,60 %) bila je visoka u usporedbi s učestalošću genotipova „rr“ i „SS“. Učestalost genotipa „rr“ kod crva iz različitih područja kretala se u rasponu od 6,25 % do 31,82 %. Općenito, opažena je signifikantno (P<0,01) viša (54,0 %) prevalencija BZ rezistentnog alela. Rezultati potvrđuju da polimorfizam kodona 200 u β-tubulin izotip 1 genu ovčjeg parazita H. contortus upućuje na pojavu rezistentnih alela u istraženim područjima