25 research outputs found

    Multi-group causal model of health literacy and behaviors on family well-being among Thai adults at risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

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    Background: We aimed to develop a causal model of family well-being by mediating health literacy (HL) and to compare models between spouses in men and women and in urban and rural communities. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The samples included 2000 spouses at risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by stratified random sampling in 2018. Data were collected by Likert questionnaires with reliability of 0.79-0.93, using to analyze via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: A causal model in overall group was consistent with an empirical data. Causal factors had direct effects on health behavior including social norm, positive attitudes, psychology capital, and HL (Îē=0.11, 0.14, 0.30, and 0.41, P<0.05 respectively). Health behavior and positive attitudes toward health had direct effects on family well-being (Îē=0.36 and 0.42, P<0.05, respectively). All factors could predict health behavior and family well-being of variance 70% and 50%. Invariance analysis of models showed no difference between spouses in men and women. In addition, mean comparison of latent variables showed that the positive attitudes toward health in women were lower than men. Moreover, HL and positive attitudes toward health of spouses in urban were lower in rural communities. Conclusion: Thai adult families in urban showed higher risk with NCDs. Therefore, health providers improved the first priority of HL and positive attitude which were the main causal factor

    Effectiveness of health literacy through transformative learning on glycemic control behavior in adult diabetes patients: a mixed methods approach

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    This research used a mixed methods intervention design. The research aimed to: 1) study the perspectives of diabetic adults and 2) investigate the effectiveness of health literacy through transformative learning of glycemic control. In study 1, through qualitative research, the perspectives of 13 diabetic adults in Bangkok, Thailand, were examined using in-depth interviews. The findings were divided into three themes that reflected the beliefs of the patients: 1) the serious nature of the disease; 2) that made life difficult; and 3) that the glycemic control relied on patients’ sense of self-reliance and efficacy. The perspectives towards health literacy consisted of two themes: 1) information must be analyzed and evaluated before usage; and 2) hierarchical relationship influences the communication between providers and patients. The study 2 was an experimental research, in which consisted of 40 diabetic adults, divided equally into 2 groups; the experimental (20 participants) and control (20 participants) group. The instrument used were the glycemic control questionnaire, and the measurement of glycated hemoglobin (A1C). The intervention consisted of 4 sessions for 4 weeks, for two hours per session, and the final session was visiting their homes. The ANCOVA and repeated measures were applied for data analysis. The results revealed that: 1) the experimental group had more glycemic control and less A1C than the control group (p < 0.01); and 2) the experiment group had changing and maintaining in glycemic control and A1C (p < 0.01). The findings of this study could be useful for healthcare providers to develop the glycemic controlling program based on the patients’ contexts

    Interventions for healthy eating and physical activity among obese elementary schoolchildren : observing changes of the combined effects of behavioral models

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    The aim of this experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention and Physical Activity intervention programs at the end of intervention implementation in term of combined effects. The sample of this study was 21 students in Sawadeewittaya School, aged 9-11 years, who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. The dependent variables included knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating behavior, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and BMI. The study interventions were the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, and the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention Program. Each of the two interventions was created using the self-efficacy, self-control, and implementation intention principles. The sample was first implemented with the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, followed by the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. The statistical tests were descriptive statistics and One-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that: 1) after the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program; mean scores of knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and healthy eating behavior significantly increased from the baseline and BMI significantly decreased. 2) The combined effect of the SSII-Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Intervention Programs on healthy eating behavior was greater than that of the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention, but not for BMI

    āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„

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    Research and Development of the Training Curriculums about Knowledge of ASEAN for the Provincial Government PersonnelAbstractThe purposes of the study were to 1) develop a training curriculum on ASEAN for provincial government personnel and 2) study the curriculum effectiveness to develop the knowledge of government personnel, a positive attitude towards ASEAN, and behavioral function in ASEAN. The research process was divided into 2 phases. First, need assessment for training was surveyed by using questionnaires that were developed in cooperation with five experts. The questionnaires were given to a group of government personnel that were derived from a quota sampling from 76 provinces with 35-45 people for each province, so the total was 3,200 people. Next was the designing of the structure and content of the seven training curriculum for a group government personnel in Professional Level or higher from all regions with a total was 1,277 people. Interview forms, needs questionnaires as well as knowledge, attitudes and behavior questionnaires were used as tools. These data were analyzed with descriptive statistics; priority needs index, t-test statistics and analysis of content. The result found that a three-day training course was created with seven curriculums for which the content was different according to each province or part. After training, the personnel had significantly developed knowledge in the context of ASEAN (p &lt; 0.05). The follow-up showed that the participants had a positive attitude towards ASEAN and increased behavioral function in ASEAN statistically significantly (p &lt;0.05) when compared to pre-training.Keywords: the research and development, ASEAN, provincial government personnel, the training curriculums, priority needs indexāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ 1) āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„ āđāļĨāļ° 2) āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļ āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™ āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ° āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļĢāļāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ5 āļ„āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļšāļšāđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ•āļēāļĄāđ‚āļ„āļ§āļ•āļēāđƒāļ™ 76 āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ” āđ† āļĨāļ° 35-45 āļ„āļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ 3,200 āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 7 āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļģāļ™āļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ—āļļāļāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļ§āļĄāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 1,277 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒ āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āđāļšāļšāļ§āļąāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰ āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ–āļđāļāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļē āļ„āđˆāļēāļ”āļąāļŠāļ™āļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ„āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 3 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 7 āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļīāļ”āđāļ™āļ§āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™ āļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (p&lt; .05) āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (p&lt; .05) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™ āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āļ”āļąāļŠāļ™āļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļ—āļĢāļĢāļĻāļ™

    āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨ

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    (The Effect of Psycho-Social Factors on Supervisors’ Managerial Coaching and  High Performance Behavior of the Government Officers in the Thailand’s Ministry of Justice: Factor Analysis and a Path Analytic Approach) Abstract The purposes of this correlational research  were to  analyze factors the direct and indirect effects of the individual and group level variables on high  performance behavior of the government officers in the Ministry of Justice, Thailand. The sample were practical-level and professional-level government officers that worked as team. The sample were selected by proportional stratified random sampling of teams in the Ministry of Justice. The individual level sample were all the workers of 80 teams, a total of 336 individuals. There were 3 groups of variables in this study. First, the causal variables consisted 4 variables. Secondly, outcome variables consisted of 2 variables. Finally, mediator variables consisted of 5 variables. The instruments used for collecting data were a 6-point rating scale questionnaire and the average of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is 0.87-0.96. Data examined for consistency of a causal model with the empirical data. The results indicated that 1) the individual level variables are average of  factor loading  between  0.70-0.92; 2) the causal model was consistent with the empirical data, with χ2 = 127.11, df = 52,  χ2/df = 2.44; RMSEA = 0.07; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97; 3) the variables that directly affected high performance behavior of the workers were learning and development, their standardized path coefficient was  0.33; 4) the individual  level factor of role clarity, learning and development, satisfaction of worker, commitment of worker and social support explained the variance of high performance behaviorof worker at  83.7%; 5) the group level variables average of factor loading between 0.88-0.93; 6) the causal model was consistent with the empirical data, with χ2 =  31.96, df = 24, χ2/df = 1.33; RMSEA = 0.06; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98; 7) the group level variables do not have any total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect on high performance behavior of teams; and 8) the group level factor of  supervisors’ managerial coaching, value of worker, satisfaction of teams, and  work climate  explained the variance of high performance behavior of teams at 88.9 %.     Keywords: high performance behavior, supervisors’ managerial coaching, government officers

    āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨ

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    (The Effect of Psycho-Social Factors on Supervisors’ Managerial Coaching and  High Performance Behavior of the Government Officers in the Thailand’s Ministry of Justice: Factor Analysis and a Path Analytic Approach) Abstract The purposes of this correlational research  were to  analyze factors the direct and indirect effects of the individual and group level variables on high  performance behavior of the government officers in the Ministry of Justice, Thailand. The sample were practical-level and professional-level government officers that worked as team. The sample were selected by proportional stratified random sampling of teams in the Ministry of Justice. The individual level sample were all the workers of 80 teams, a total of 336 individuals. There were 3 groups of variables in this study. First, the causal variables consisted 4 variables. Secondly, outcome variables consisted of 2 variables. Finally, mediator variables consisted of 5 variables. The instruments used for collecting data were a 6-point rating scale questionnaire and the average of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is 0.87-0.96. Data examined for consistency of a causal model with the empirical data. The results indicated that 1) the individual level variables are average of  factor loading  between  0.70-0.92; 2) the causal model was consistent with the empirical data, with χ2 = 127.11, df = 52,  χ2/df = 2.44; RMSEA = 0.07; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97; 3) the variables that directly affected high performance behavior of the workers were learning and development, their standardized path coefficient was  0.33; 4) the individual  level factor of role clarity, learning and development, satisfaction of worker, commitment of worker and social support explained the variance of high performance behaviorof worker at  83.7%; 5) the group level variables average of factor loading between 0.88-0.93; 6) the causal model was consistent with the empirical data, with χ2 =  31.96, df = 24, χ2/df = 1.33; RMSEA = 0.06; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98; 7) the group level variables do not have any total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect on high performance behavior of teams; and 8) the group level factor of  supervisors’ managerial coaching, value of worker, satisfaction of teams, and  work climate  explained the variance of high performance behavior of teams at 88.9 %.     Keywords: high performance behavior, supervisors’ managerial coaching, government officers

    āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļž : āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ„āļĄāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™

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    (The Professional Socialization : Case Study of Professionals Industrial Designers to Support ASEAN Economic Community)Abstract   The objectives of this research are (1) to study the socialization process of professional industrial designer before &amp; during their profession as well as the stability of profession. (2) to study the characteristic and conditions of professional industrial designer’s identity (3) to search ways in terms of professional socialization for the industrial designer as preparation to future impact of ASEAN Economic Community or AEC in year 2015. The research was constructed using case study’s qualitative research by selected purposive sampling are 9 professional industrial designers, 4 industrial designers and 5 special expert.The research results can be divided into 3 parts, In part 1 found that childhood lifestyle is influences in making characteristic to be industrial designer. In the socialization process were socialized by significant agents such as lecturer, senior, friends, social media, client and manufacturer etc. The main socialize contents are the skill for industrial design profession working. The main socialize tactics that are the informal and have model to study such as work critics and knowledge from sample work etc. The work stability depends on the individual condition and environmental condition, which consists of the love for designing and acceptance from clients etc. The results for part 2 the Industrial Designer’s profession identity shows there are 7 identities, which are the imagination sense, well-round knowledge, flexible, attentive, problem solving skills, analyze &amp; connection skills, and adaptive. The conditions of this identity occur from “the expectation to have good working skills”The results for part 3 found the ways for socialization designer as preparation to future impact of AEC including individual characteristics development, international working skills development and AEC opportunity development.   Keywords: Professional socialization, Profession identity, Industrial designe

    āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ (Psychological Characteristics and Nurse Socialization related to Job Performance as Professional Nursing Roles of ... )

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    &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The purposes of this study were as follows : 1) To study relationship between psychological traits (such as sense of coherence, achievement motive and Sangahahavatthu), psychological states (such as stress from work and attitude toward professional nursing roles) and situational factors (such as formal nurse socialization and informal nurse socialization) with job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses. 2) To predict job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses from psychological traits, psychological states and situational factors. 3) To examine the interaction effects of psychological traits and the situational factors on job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses. The sample were 274 new graduated nurses from autonomous university hospitals in Bangkok such as Ramathibodi hospital and Siriraj hospital who have been working full time in their position at least 1 year but not over 2 years. Eight instruments employed data collection were summated rating scales.The reliability coefficients of instruments(Cronbach&rsquo;s alpha coefficient) ranged from .82 to .93. The statistical procedures used for data analysis were descriptive statistic, Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple regression analysis and two-way analysis of variance. Research results were summarized as follows :1) All variables of psychological traits and psychological states were positively correlated to job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses. For psychological states, attitude toward professional nursing roles was positively correlated to job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses but stress from work was negatively correlated to job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses. 2) Formal nurse socialization was the first factor to predict job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses. Informal nurse socialization and achievement motive were second and third factors respectively to predict job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses. These factors could predict 45% of job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses, autonomous university hospitals in Bangkok. 3) No interaction effects of formal nurse socialization and psychological traits on job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses were found. 4) Interaction effects of informal nurse socialization and Sangahavatthu on job performance as professional nursing roles of new graduated nurses were found. Key words: psychological traits, nurse socialization, job performance as professional nursing, new graduated nurses&nbsp;āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļļāļ”āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1. āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļ āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļāđˆāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļŦāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļ 4) āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ(āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļž) āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ (āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ) āļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ 2. āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ 3. āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļĢāļēāļŠ āļ„āļĢāļš 1 āļ›āļĩāđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ™ 2 āļ›āļĩ āļˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™ 274 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ§āļąāļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ„āđˆāļēāļˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™ 8 āļ‰āļšāļąāļš āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļžāļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđāļ­āļĨāļŸāđˆāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ .82 āļ–āļķāļ‡ .93 āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđāļšāļšāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļĢāđŒāļŠāļąāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ–āļ”āļ–āļ­āļĒāļžāļŦāļļāļ„āļđāļ“āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ 1) āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ—āļļāļāļ•āļąāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļšāļ§āļāļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļž āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļšāļ§āļāļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđāļ•āđˆāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĨāļšāļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ 2)āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāļĨāļēāļ”āļąāļšāđāļĢāļ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļē āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļāđˆāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļž āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°45 3) āđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļšāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ—āļļāļāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ 4) āļžāļšāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļš āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļŦāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļ 4 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļ„āļģāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļ: āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•, āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ, āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļž, āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļˆāļšāđƒāļŦāļĄ
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