Methods of detection and typing of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals

In this work there was evaluated the method of detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by using two molecular and three phenotypic tests in investigation procedure of 70 strains of S.aureus isolated from animals. Recent findings of the new mecA homologue, mecALGA251, minimise the significance of mecA gene presence detection as a confirmation method of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus identification. For this reason, along with multiplex PCR set of primers(165rDNK, nuc, mecA) for detection mecA gene, there was also used multiplex PCR set of primers (spa, mecA, pvl, mecALGA251) for differentiation mecALGA251 from mecA, with simultaneous detection of luk-PV and spa gene fragments. In all 70 investigated isolates there was detected the presence of specific 16 SrDNK fragment and nuc gene which encodes a thermostable S. aureus nuclease, while in 5 out of 70 S. aureus isolates, there was proven mecA gene presence using two multiplex PCR tests. In the investigated strains there was determined neither mecC (mecALGA251)gene presence, nor Panton Valentine Leukocidin encoding gene. By application cefoxitin disk-diffusion, latex-agglutination and two multiplex PCR tests, the identical results in identification 5 methicillin resistant out of 70 investigated S. aureus strains were obtained. In our investigation there was determined a complete correlation between the results of phenotypic and genotypic identification of methicillin resistant S. aureus. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31079

Direct marketing communication through the lens of the Y and the Z generation subcultures

Donošenje ispravnih odluka o marketinškom komuniciranju važan je čimbenik tržišnoga uspjeha. Kako bi pridobili i zadržali potrošače, poduzeća ulažu značajne napore u razumijevanje njihovih potreba i želja te u kreiranje personalizirane ponude i načina komunikacije. Direktna marketinška komunikacija ima obilježja neposrednosti, prilagodljivosti, personaliziranog pristupa, interaktivnosti i mjerljivosti. Pojavom digitalnih kanala dolazi do proširene primjene direktne marketinške komunikacije koja danas uključuje direktni i digitalni marketing. Ukratko su izložene odrednice supkulture promatrane kroz generacijsku pripadnost na primjeru Y i Z generacije. Provedeno je kvantitativno istraživanje na uzorku od 200 ispitanika radi stjecanja uvida u stavove pripadnika Y i Z generacije prema odabranim alatima direktne marketinške komunikacije. U radu su prikazani i interpretirani rezultati o sličnostima i razlikama u stavovima ispitanika te su navedena ograničenja istraživanja kao i preporuke za buduća istraživanja.Making the right decisions about marketing communication is an important factor in market success. In order to gain and retain consumers, companies invest significant efforts in understanding their needs and desires and in creating personalized offers and communication methods. Direct marketing communication has the following characteristics: immediacy, adaptability, personalized approach, interactivity and measurability. The development of digital channels leads to an expanded application of direct marketing communication, which is why today it includes direct and digital marketing. Determinants of the subculture are briefly presented, which are observed through generational affiliation using the example of the Y and Z generations. A quantitative survey was conducted on a sample of 200 respondents with the purpose of gaining insight into the attitudes of members of the Y and Z generations towards the selected tools of direct marketing communication. The paper presents and interprets the results of the similarities and differences in the respondents’ attitudes, also, the limitations of the research as well as recommendations for future research. Keywords: direct marketing communication, direct marketing, digital marketing, subculture, Y and Z generatio

Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine originated from commercial farms in Serbia

Porcine pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pleuropneumoniae) is one of the most important respiratory diseases of pigs and causes worldwide severe losses in pig farming. For A.pleuropneumoniae control and monitoring, the detection of ApxIV antibodies in the serum is the most frequently used serological method. The aim of this study was to investigate presence of antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae in blood sera of gilts and sows using the ELISA test. Samples were taken from gilts and sows originating from four commercial swine farms in Serbia. For detection of ApxIV antibodies, commercial ELISA kit was used. A total of 453 blood sera samples of gilts (207) and sows (246) were examined. Antibodies against A. pleuropneumoniae were detected in 57 (12.58%) sera. Antibodies were present in 22 (10.62 %) sera of gilts and in 35(14.22%) sera of sows. Percentage of positive sera differed among the farms, ranging in gilts from 3.33-17.77 % and in sows from 8.95-22.64%. Serological methods is one of the most important procedures in the diagnosis of porcine pleuropneumonia particularly suitable for the control of animal health status in a large breeding

A serological survey of canine leptospirosis in the city of Belgrade, Serbia

Canine leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira. Dogs are one of the animal species involved in the cycle of preservation and transmission of leptospirosis in urban areas. Serological testing for the presence of specific antibodies against Leptospira spp. in dogs was continuously performed between 2010 and 2020 in the city of Belgrade. At the request of the owners themselves, other veterinary laboratories or laboratory clinics, 179 blood sera from 179 dogs were examined in the Laboratory for Immunology, Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia. Blood sera samples from dogs were examined using the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of specific antibodies against seven different serovars of Leptospira: Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Canicola, Bataviae, and Australis. The number of seropositive dogs was 17/179 (9.5%). Among all examined sera, the highest titre of seropositive samples was to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae (10/17, 58.8%), followed by Pomona (4/17, 23.5%), and serovar Canicola (3/17, 17.6%). Specific antibodies for serovars Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Bataviae and Australis were not detected in any of the dog sera. Cross-reaction (the presence of two or three titres with different values where one of them was higher than others) between different serovars was diagnosed in a low number of sera (n=4), with the following serovars: Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona (n=3) and Pomona and Canicola (n=1). The confirmed specific antibody titres for Leptospira spp. were between 1:100 to 1:3000 (5 sera had titres of 1:100, 7 had titres of 1:300, 4 had titres of 1:1000, and 1 serum had a titre 1:3000). Monitoring canine leptospirosis is a useful tool in preventing leptospirosis in Belgrade

Profiles of virulence genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from suckling piglets in Serbia

A total of 120 Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains from suckling piglets with diarrhoea and 30 E. coli strains from healthy piglets were tested for the presence of fimbrial and enterotoxin virulence genes. Out of the 120 isolates sampled from diarrheic piglets, 81 (67.5%) expressed one or more genes encoding virulence factors. Adhesin genes were detected in 52 (43.33%) out of 120 E. coli isolates, and the most common among them was F4 adhesin (33.33%). Genes encoding E. coli toxins were detected in 81 (67.5%) isolates. E. coli included in the study carried genes for one or more of the following toxins: STa, STb, LT and EAST1. The astA gene encoding EAST1 was the most prevalent and was identified in 72 (60%) E. coli isolates. EAST1 toxin was detected in 5 out of 30 isolates (16.7%) from healthy piglets. Among the 81 isolates expressing virulence genes, a total of 15 different combinations for fimbrial and toxin genes were found. The most common virulence pattern was F4/STb/LT/EAST1 detected in 23.45% of E. coli strains isolated from suckling piglets with diarrhoea. The results indicate that F4 adhesin and EAST1 toxin are the most common in E. coli isolates sampled from diarrhoeic suckling piglets in Serbia

Ispitivanje prisustva novih oblika rezistencije na neke antibiotike kod sojeva E. coli izolovanih od prasadi

The resistance of bacteria poses a significant problem everywhere in the world, and consequently in our country as well. The non-critical use of antibacterial medicines in human and veterinary medicine has contributed to the spreading of this resistance. Due to the topical importance of this problem, large numbers of states in the world are financing projects of which the objective is to follow and monitor bacterial resistance. The objective of this investigation was to isolate and identify pathogenic strains of E. coli from piglets with clinically manifest diarrhea and to examine the sensitivity of the isolated strains to a certain number of selected antibiotics. The material for these investigations were parts of intestines (jejunum, ileum) from piglets that died, rectal smears and feces of diseased piglets sampled pig farms in the vicinity of Belgrade. Conventional methods of microbiological diagnostics were used for isolation, and conventional and commercial tests API 20E (bio Merieux, France) were used for identification. Following biochemical identification using hyper immune serums for certain group (O) antigens: (O8, O138, O139, O147, O149, and O157), the serological typization of the strains was carried out. Commercial antiserums: T K88 (F4), K99 (F5), and 987P (F6), Toxigenic E. coli pili antisera, Denka Seiken Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) were used to establish the presence and to identify fimbrial antigens-adhesions through slide agglutination reaction. The sensitivity of the antibiotics to the isolated strains of E. coli was examined using the disc diffusion method according to Kirby Bauer and the microdillution method in bouillon according to CLSI recommendations (2008). Examinations using the microdillution method in bouillon were performed with pure active antibiotic substances: ampicillin, apramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin (Sigma, USA). A total of 400 E. coli strains were isolated, including 48 E. coli strains that are within the category of pathogenic strains. Out of the total number of pathogenic strains of E. coli, 32 (66.67%) were found to be multi resistant to 3 or more than 3 antibiotics, and 16 (33.33%) pathogenic strains of E. coli were resistant to 2 or 1 of the examined antibiotics. Resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin was established in 89.58% isolated strains of E. coli, and to ciprofloxacin in 37.5% strains. The lowest percentage of resistance to ceftriaxone was established in 4.17% strains of E. coli. The isolated strains of E. coli were also found to be resistant to certain amino glycosides antibiotics. Thus, resistance to apramycin was established in 18.75% strains whose MIC values were higher than 128 µg/mL. Resistance to kanamycin was established in 52.08% strains of E. coli, and in these, 96.00% strains showed MIC kanamycin values of over 256µg/mL. Resistance to the third amino glycosides antibiotic, gentamicin, was established in 33.33% E. coli strains. All the E. coli strains that led to diarrhea in piglets were resistant to at least two antibiotics, and more than 50% strains were found to be resistant to more than 3 antibiotics. It is significant to stress that all isolated strains of E. coli covered by these investigations were sensitive only to amikacyn. .Rezistencija bakterija predstavlja značajan problem svuda u svetu, pa i kod nas. Širenju rezistencije doprinela je nekritička upotreba antibakterijskih lekova u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini. Zbog aktuelnosti problema veliki broj država finansira projekte čiji je cilj praćenje i nadzor nad rezistencijom bakterija. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio izolacija i identifikacija patogenih sojeva E. coli kod prasadi sa klinički manifestnom dijarejom i ispitivanje osetljivosti izolovanih sojeva na određeni broj odabranih antibiotika. Materijal za ovo ispitivanje predstavljali su delovi creva (jejunum, ileum) uginule prasadi, rektalni brisevi i feces obolele prasadi uzorkovani na farmama svinja iz okoline Beograda. Za izolaciju su korišćene klasične metode mikrobiološke dijagnostike, a za identifikaciju klasični i komercijalni testovi API 20E (bioMerieux, Francuska). Nakon biohemijske identifikacije pomoću hiperimunih seruma za određene grupne (O) antigene (O8, O138, O139, O147, O149 i O157) vršena je serološka tipizacija sojeva. Za utvrđivanje prisustva i identifikaciju fimbrijalnih antigena - adhezina primenom reakcije aglutinacije na pločici su korišćeni komercijalni antiserumi: K88 (F4), K99 (F5) i 987P (F6), Toxigenic E. coli pili antisera, Denka Seiken Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. Osetljivost na antibiotike izolovanih sojeva E. coli ispitivana je primenom disk difuzione metode po Kirby Baueru i mikrodilucione metode u bujonu prema preporukama CLSI (2008). Ispitivanje mikrodilucionom metodom u bujonu je vršeno sa čistim aktivnim supstancama antibiotika: ampicilina, apramicina, gentamicina, kanamicina, tetraciklina, ceftriaksona i ciprofloksacina (Sigma, SAD). Ukupno je izolovano 400 sojeva E. coli, od kojih je 48 svrstano u kategoriju patogenih sojeva. Od navedenog broja patogenih sojeva E. coli kod 32 (66,67%) je ustanovljena multirezistencija na 3 i više od 3 antibiotika, a kod 16 sojeva (33,33%) rezistencija na 2 ili 1 ispitivani antibiotik. Rezistencija na tetraciklin i ampicilin ustanovljena je kod 89,58% izolovanih sojeva E. coli, a na ciprofloksacin kod 37,5% sojeva. Najniži procenat rezistencije na ceftriakson ustanovljen je kod 4,17% sojeva E. coli. Prisustvo rezistencije kod izolovanih sojeva E. coli ustanovljeno je i na neke aminoglikozidne antibiotike. Tako je rezistencija ustanovljena kod 18,75% sojeva kod kojih su vrednosti MIC-a bile veće od 128 μg/mL. Kod 52,08% sojeva E. coli otkrivena je rezistencija na kanamicin, a od navedenog procenta kod 96,00% sojeva vrednosti MIC-a kanamicina iznosile su preko 256 μg/mL. Takođe je kod 33,33% sojeva E. coli ustanovljena rezistencija i na treći aminoglikozidni antibiotik, gentamicin. Svi sojevi E. coli koji su uzrokovali dijareju kod prasadi bili su rezistentni na najmanje dva antibiotika, a kod preko 50% sojeva otkriveno je prisustvo rezistencije na više od 3 antibiotika. Značajno je naglasiti da su svi izolovani sojevi E. coli obuhvaćeni ispitivanjem bili osetljivi samo na amikacin

Kutani limfom kod krave – prikaz slučaja

U ovom radu prikazan je slučaj krave simentalske rase, starosti dve godine i šest meseci kod koje je postojala sumnja na nodularni dermatitis, sredinom 2017 godine. Kliničkim pregledom ustanovljeni su brojni noduli veličine od nekoliko milimetara do približno 10 centimetara diseminovani dominantno po koži vimena i perineuma, od kojih su neki konfluirali i egzulcerisali. Opšte stanje krave je bilo nepromenjeno. Krava je prema rezultatima laboratorijskih analiza bila negativna na prisustvo antitela protiv virusa leukoze goveda, pokazala je negativnu reakciju pri tuberkulinizaciji i bila je vakcinisana protiv nodularnog dermatitisa. Nakon hirurške ekscizije kožnog čvora, uzorak je bio negativan na prisustvo genoma virusa nodularnog dermatitisa. Kako bismo ustanovili morfologiju kožne lezije, urađena je histopatološka analiza. Histopatološka analiza je pokazala infiltraciju dermisa i subkutisa brojnim mononukleranim ćelijama koje pokazuju ćelijsku atipiju. Tada je postavljena sumnja da se radi o kutanom limfomu. Nadalje, imunohistohemijsko ispitivanje je potvrdilo da se u infiltratu nalaze isključivo CD3 imunopozitivne ćelije što sugeriše da se radi o T-ćelijskom neepiteliotropnom limfomuIn this paper the case of a 2.5-year-old Simmental cow, with suspicion of lumpy skin disease in mid-2017 in Serbia will be presented. Clinical examination revealed numerous nodules of varied size from a few millimeters to approximately 10 centimeters disseminated predominantly on the skin of the udder and the perineum, some of which were coalescing and exulcerated. The general condition of the affected animal was unchanged. According to the results of laboratory analysis, the cow was negative for the presence of antibodies against the bovine leukemia virus, showed a negative reaction in tuberculinization and was vaccinated against lumpy skin disease virus. After the surgical excision of one skin node, the sample tested negative for the genome of lumpy skin disease virus. In order to establish the morphology of the skin lesion, a histopathological analysis was performed. Histopathological analysis showed the infiltration of the corium and subcutaneous tissue by numerous mononuclear cells showing cellular atypia. Suspicion of cutaneous lymphoma was established. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination confirmed that the infiltrate contained exclusively CD3-immunopositive cells, suggesting a T-cell origin nonepitheliotropic lymphoma

Comparative pathomorphological, mycological and molecular examination of turkey poults with different immunological status experimentally infected with aspergillus fumigatus

The aim of this study was to determine the pathological, mycological and molecular findings in turkey poults with different immunological status experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. The investigation was carried out 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after intratracheal inoculation of 5.056x10(7) spores of A. fumigatus to 14-day-old turkey poults in group G-1, as well as to turkey poults in group G-2 which were treated prior to infection with dexamethasone. A. fumigatus was isolated on day 1 p.i. in both groups, but the number of positive samples was bigger in group G-1. A. fumigatus was isolated from the respiratory organs of group G-1as early as on day 1 and 3 p.i. in 4 out of 12 examined specimens (33%). On day 7 p.i. A. fumigatus was possible to isolate from the respiratory organs of 50% of infected birds, on day 14 in 83.33% and on day 21 p.i. A. fumigatus was isolated in 6 out of 6 sacrificed turkey poults (100%). In dexamethasone-treated group A. fumigatus isolates from the respiratory organs on day 1 and 3 p.i. were same as in group G-1, whereas on days 7 and 14 p.i. the number of turkey poults positive to A. fumigatus increased in comparison with the untreated G-1 group. The histopathological lesions in turkey poults treated with dexamethasone developed earlier, were more intensive and extensive. The mycological and nested PCR results revealed a higher number of samples positive for the presence of A. fumigatus DNA in the group G-2, pretreated with dexamethasone

Procena neželjenih reakcija nakon vakcinacije u veterini

Vaccines are a very effective tool for the prevention and eradication of infective diseases in both veterinary and human medicine. Although for safety reasons, vaccines undergo very strict controls before being placed on the market, the risk of adverse reactions is not eliminated. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is any untoward medical occurrence that follows immunization and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine. Adverse reactions may arise as a direct consequence of immunization due to the specificity of the vaccine itself, the quality of the vaccine or the immunization errors. In addition, adverse reactions may also be the result of a coincidental relationship between the effect and immunization. However, biological mechanisms of AEFI are very complex. During the mass vaccination campaigns, when a large number of animals are vaccinated in a short period of time, adverse reactions are expected to be the most frequently reported. In Serbia, livestock is currently being vaccinated against Lumpy Skin Disease, Bluetongue, and Classical swine fever.Vakcine su veoma efikasan alat za prevenciju i iskorenjivanje infektivnih bolesti u veterinarskoj i humanoj medicini. Iako iz sigurnosnih razloga vakcine prolaze kroz vrlo stroge kontrole pre stavljanja u promet, rizik od neželjenih reakcija nije eliminisan. Prema Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO), neželjeni događaj nakon imunizacije je svaka neugodna medicinska pojava koja prati imunizaciju i koja ne mora nužno imati uzročnu vezu sa upotrebom vakcine. Neželjene reakcije mogu nastati kao direktna posledica imunizacije usled specifičnosti same vakcine, kvaliteta vakcine ili grešaka prilikom imunizacije. Pored toga, neželjene reakcije mogu biti i posledica slučajnog odnosa između nastalog efekta i imunizacije. Međutim, biološki mehanizmi nastanka ovih reakcija su veoma složeni. Tokom kampanja mas-ovnih vakcinacija, kada se veliki broj životinja vakciniše u kratkom vremen-skom periodu, očekuje se da se neželjene reakcije najčešće prijavljuju. U Srbiji se stoka trenutno vakciniše protiv bolesti kvrgave kože, bolesti plavog jezika i klasične svinjske kuge. Pošto nijedna od ove tri vakcine nije DIVA, praćenje neželjenih događaja koji se mogu pojaviti je od izuzetnog značaja

Značaj ihtioftirijaze u zdravstvenoj problematici riba

Ichtiophtiriasis is one of the most frequently encountered diseases, principally of farmed fish, caused by the Ichthyopthirius multifiliis. The geographical distribution of the parasite is widespread and almost all fish in fresh water can be considered. This paper describes the characteristics of the pathogen, its pathological activity, as well as measures of prevention and treatment.Ihtioftirijaza je jedna od najčešćih parazitskih bolesti riba u akvakulturi, utvrđena na svim kontinentima kod uzgajanih riba i riba u otvorenim vodama. Oboljenje izaziva Ichthyopthirius multifiliis. Životni ciklus I. multifiliis pogoduje nastanku epizootija u gustim populacijama riba, što je najčešći slučaj u intenzivnoj akvakulturi. Oboljenje je veoma rasprostranjeno i gotovo sve slatkovodne vrste riba se mogu smatrati prijemčivim. U radu su opisane karakteristike uzročnika, njegovo patološko delovanje, kao i mere prevencije i terapije