ANALYSIS OF THE MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR INFORMATION OF DEBTOR IN UNCONTESTED CLAIMS PROCEDURES UNDER REGULATION NO. 805/2004

Evropsko civilno procesno pravo je z razvojem prineslo veliko sprememb in izboljšav v ureditvi določenih procesnih pravil znotraj območja EU ter predvsem omogočilo enostavnejše, enotnejše in hitrejše postopke izvršbe v drugi državi članici z zagotovitvijo polnega načela prostega pretoka sodnih odločb med državami članicami. Uredba št. 805/2004 o uvedbi evropskega naloga za izvršbo nespornih zahtevkov je še posebej pomembna, saj je bil s slednjo uveden postopek evropskega naloga za izvršbo za nesporne zahtevke in hkrati odprava eksekvature, ki pomeni prosti pretok sodb, sodnih poravnav in javnih listin med državami članicami brez vmesnih postopkov. Odprava eksekvature torej pomeni ukinitev kakršnegakoli postopka v državi izvršbe, kjer bi se opravil preizkus ali sodba iz druge države izpolnjuje pogoje za učinkovanje v državi izvršbe in je močno povezana z načelom medsebojnega zaupanja med različnimi pravnimi redi držav članic. Glede na navedeno je potrebno dodati, da se postopek izdaje sodbe v celoti opravi skladno z nacionalnim pravnim redom države članice. Šele kasneje v primeru postopka za izdajo potrdila o evropskem izvršilnem naslovu se opravi presoja, ali postopek, ki je tekel po nacionalnih pravilih, ustreza vsem zahtevam Uredbe 805/2004. Slednja tako ne vzpostavlja enotnega postopka izvršbe za vse države članice EU in tudi ne pomeni obveznosti za države članice, da prilagodijo svojo nacionalno zakonodajo minimalnim postopkovnim standardom, ki jih določa. Pomeni le možnost za upnika, da lahko zoper dolžnika uveljavlja izvršbo za svojo terjatev v drugi državi članici na podlagi potrdila o evropskem nalogu za izvršbo. Obenem je potrebno poudariti, da morajo za izdajo le-tega biti izpolnjeni določeni pogoji skladno z Uredbo 805/2004. Posebna pozornost je namenjena pojmu nespornih zahtevkov, saj je v primeru, ko gre za pasivno nesporni zahtevek v nasprotju z aktivno nespornim zahtevkom, za katerega je toženec aktivno izrazil soglasje, potreben še preizkus skladnosti postopka z minimalnimi standardi za postopke o nespornih zahtevkih po Uredbi 805/2004. Minimalni standardi se nanašajo na vročanje listin dolžniku ali zastopnikom dolžnika, zagotovitev ustreznih informacij dolžniku o zahtevku in postopkovnih korakih, ki so potrebni za ugovarjanje zahtevku, popravek neskladnosti z minimalnimi standardi in pravno sredstvo v izjemnih primerih. Našteti minimalni standardi so pomembni predvsem z vidika zagotovitve obveščenosti dolžnika o postopkih, ki jih je sodišče uvedlo proti njemu ter zagotavljanju ustrezne procesne garancije v postopku.The European civil procedure law has brought many changes and improvements in the regulation of certain procedural rules within the EU territory with its development and, above all, enabled simpler, more uniform, and faster enforcement proceedings in another Member State by ensuring the full principle of free movement of court rulings between the Member States. Regulation No. 805/2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims is particularly important, as it established the European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims and, at the same time, it abolished exequatur which means the free movement of court rulings, court settlements, and authentic instruments between the Member States without interim proceedings. Therefore, the abolition of exequatur means the abolition of any proceedings in the enforcement State where an examination or court ruling from another State would be carried out and meets the conditions for effect in the enforcement State and is strongly linked to the principle of mutual trust between the different legal orders of the Member States. With regards to the stated, it is necessary to add that the court ruling procedure is carried out in compliance with the national law of the Member State. It is only later, in the case of the procedure for issuing a European Enforcement Order certificate, that discretion is made as to whether the procedure which followed national rules meets all the requirements of Regulation 805/2004. Thus, the latter does not establish a uniform enforcement procedure for all EU Member States, nor does it imply an obligation for the Member States to adapt their national legislation to the minimum procedural standards it determines. It only means for the creditor to be able to enforce enforcement against the debtor of his claim in another Member State based on a European Enforcement Order certificate. At the same time, it is necessary to be emphasized that certain conditions must be met following Regulation 805/2004 for it to be issued. Special attention is paid to the notion of uncontested claims, as in the case of a passive uncontested claim as opposed to an actively uncontested claim for which the defendant actively agreed, a test of compliance of the procedure with the minimum standards for uncontested claims proceedings under Regulation 805/2004 is required. The minimum standards relate to the service of documents on the debtor or the debtor\u27s representatives, the provision of appropriate information to the debtor on the claim and the procedural steps required to challenge the claim, the correction of non-compliance with the minimum standards, and the legal remedy in exceptional cases. Above all, the listed minimum standards are important from the point of view of ensuring that the debtor is informed about the proceedings instituted against him by the court and providing an adequate procedural guarantee in the proceeding

Diplomatic protection – an effective remedy of protection against violations of human rights

Diplomsko delo z naslovom »Diplomatska zaščita – učinkovito sredstvo zaščite pri kršitvi človekovih pravic« sestoji iz uvodnega in glavnega dela razdeljenega na tri glavna poglavja. Uvodni del in prvo poglavje diplomskega dela zajemata splošne informacije o obravnavani tematiki, kjer se osredotočimo na predstavitev oziroma opredelitev osnovne ideje diplomatske zaščite ter neposredno povezanih področij kot so njen razvoj, vrste in splošna kodifikacija. Drugo poglavje diplomskega dela pokriva analizo in predstavitev ključnih pogojev za uveljavljanje zahtevka diplomatske zaščite, slednji so podkrepljeni z dejanskimi primeri v sodni praksi. Zadnje tretje poglavje predstavi tematiko diplomatske zaščite kot posledico kršitve mednarodnega prava s strani druge države. Prav tako so obravnavane vsebine pravne podlage za uveljavljanje diplomatske zaščite ter pravna sredstva, postopki in načini uveljavljanja diplomatske zaščite. Posebna pozornost je na koncu namenjena razvoju človekovih pravic v povezavi z institutom diplomatske zaščite, njunim podobnostim in razlikam. Glavni namen oziroma cilj diplomskega dela se je seznaniti s pomenom diplomatske zaščite in drugimi vplivnimi dejavniki, ki tako posredno kot tudi neposredno vplivajo na njen obstoj, razlago in uveljavljanje.The diploma thesis entitled as "Diplomatic Protection – An Effective Remedy of Protection Against Violations of Human Rights" consists of the introduction and the main part divided into three main chapters. Brief initial part and the first chapter of the thesis cover general information on the topic debated where we, in addition, focus on the presentation either definition of the basic idea of diplomatic protection and directly linked areas such as its development, typology and general codification. The second chapter of the diploma thesis discusses the analysis and presentation of the crucial key circumstances for the application of the diplomatic protection use. The latter is made on and supported with the actual cases in the case law. The last, third part prevalently covers and presents the extensive area of discussed diplomatic protection because of a violation of international law by another state. The substance of the legal basis for the application of diplomatic protection and the legal remedies, procedures and methods for the enforcement of diplomatic protection are also discussed afterwards. Special attention is given to actual human rights relating to the institute of diplomatic protection, their resemblances and differences. The main purpose of this diploma thesis is to obtain sufficient knowledge on diplomatic protection and to get acquainted with the importance of the latter as well as other significant factors that directly and indirectly influence its presence, interpretation and enforcement on the contrary notwithstanding