Mycotoxins in pathophysiology of cattle diet

Depending on the age and production category, cattle show different sensitivity towards certain mycotoxins. Microflora of the rumen degrades to a different degree and inactivates mycotoxins. In the work are presented the most important mycotoxicoses of cattle caused by fungal metabolites from the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Poisoning of cattle in our area is most often caused by Zearalenone, Dioxinivalenol, T-2 toxin, Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin, but in the work are also presented Fumonisin B1 and B2. The work also describes preventive possibilities and protection of animal health from the effects of mycotoxins

Assessment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinidae – Leuciscus cephalus) from the Nišava River (Serbia)

The Nišava River plays an important role as the source for both drinking water and agricultural irrigation dueto its hydrological and geomorphological characteristics as the largest river in the region of southeast Serbia.In this study we used the liver of the chub (Leiciscus cephalus) as a tool for biomonitoring heavy metalaccumulation along the river. Chub specimens were sampled from two localities (one at the border withBulgaria and a second in the city of Niš). Concentrations were estimated for six heavy metals (iron,cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and manganese) in chub liver. Low bioconcentration level was observed formost of the metals and the concentrations corresponded to the nominal concentration in livers of fishinhabiting metal unpolluted streams and rivers. However, cadmium concentration in the chub liver exceeded0.5 mg kg-1, a several hundred folds increase from nominal concentration indicating a potential toxicexposure of the fish and of the stream ecosystem to this heavy metal. Hepatosomatic indices were calculatedand tested for the impact of metal concentrations on liver size. A decrease of the hepatic index was observedin fish with higher cadmium concentration, suggesting a possible impact on the health of the chub populationin the Nišava River

Ispitivanje hemijskih parametara kvaliteta viršli sa novosadskog tržišta

Proizvodi od mesa su veoma zastupljeni u ishrani savremenog čoveka. Po obimu proizvodnje barene kobasice zauzimaju veoma značajno mesto u industrijskoj preradi mesa. Viršle se pripremaju na osnovi proizvođačke specifikacije, te se mogu i očekivati razlike u kvalitetu ovog proizvoda različitih proizvođača. U radu je prikazana uporedna analiza hemijskih parametara kvaliteta viršli pet različitih proizvođača na novosadskom tržištu i to: sadržaj vlage, masti, proteina, natrijum-hlorida, relativan sadržaj proteina vezivnog tkiva u proteinima mesa i pepela. Utvrđene su razlike između prosečnih vrednosti ispitivanih hemijskih parametara kvaliteta viršli. Prosečan sadržaj vlage u viršlama kretao se od 56,29±3,30% do 61,44±4,08%. Prosečan sadržaj ukupne masti u viršlama kretao se od 17,60±3,07% do 20,66± 4,65%. Sadržaj masti u viršlama proizvođača D i B kao i C i B nije se statistički značajno razlikovao (p 0,05). Između prosečnog sadržaja masti u viršlama proizvođača E i D razlika u sadržaju masti utvrđena je na nivou od p0,01. U svim ostalim slučajevima poređenja razlika između prosečnog sadržaja masti utvrđena je na nivou od p0,001. Prosečan sadržaj ukupnih proteina u viršlama kretao se od 11,771,08% do 15,411,82. Između prosečnog sadržaja ukupnih proteina u viršlama proizvođača A i C nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika (p 0,05). Između prosečnog sadržaja proteina u viršlama proizvođača D i E utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika p0,01, a između prosečnih sadržaja proteina u viršlama svih ostalih proizvođača je utvrđena statistički značajna razlika na nivou od p0,001. Sadržaj ukupnih proteina u viršlama svih pet proizvođača zadovoljavao je propisanu normu (10%). Sadržaj RSP-a u viršlama različitih proizvošača kretao se od 17,34±0,95% do 22,33±2,08%. Između prosečnog sadržaja RSP-a u viršlama kod proizvođača DiEi proizvođača A i B nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika (p 0,05), a između prosečnog sadržaja RSP-a u viršlama svih ostalih proizvođača je utvrđena statistički značajna razlika (p0,001). Prosečan sadržaj hlorida u viršlama različitih proizvođača kretao se od 1,30±0,10 % do 2,55±0,16 %. Prosečan sadržaj pepela u viršlama različitih proizvođača kretao se od 1,99±0,18% do 3,46± 0,22%. Prosečan sadržaj hlorida i pepela u viršlama svih pet proizvođača bio je statistički značajno različit.Meat products play an important role in the modern diet. The production of cooked sausages comprises an important segment in the complex meat industry. Hot dogs are prepared according to production specifications and differences in the quality of products can therefore be expected. This paper presents a comparative analysis of chemical parameters in products of five different manufacturers at the Novi Sad market. Water content, fat, protein, sodium chloride, the relative protein content of connective tissue in meat protein (RCP) and ash were analyzed. The difference between the average contents of chemical quality parameters in hot dogs was examined. The average water content ranged from 56.29±3.30% to 61.44±4.08%. The average total fat content ranged from 17.60±3.07% to 20.66±4.65%. No statistically significant difference (p 0.05) was detected in the fat content of the products of manufacturers D and B, as well as C and B. Between the average fat content of the producers E and D the difference in fat content was found to be p0.01. In all other cases, the difference between the average fat content was p0.001. The average total protein content in hot dogs ranged from 11.77±1.08% and 15.41±1.82. No statistically significant difference (p 0.05) was detected between the average total protein content in hot dogs of manufacturers A and C. Between the average protein content of D and E meat manufacturers the statistically significant difference had a value of p0.01, and the average protein content in hot dogs of all other manufacturers had a significant difference (p0.001). The total protein content in all five manufacturers of hot dogs met the prescribed standard (10%). RCP content in the hot dogs of different producers ranged from 17.34±0.95% to 22.33±2.08%. No statistically significant difference (p 0.05) was detected in the average contents of RCP in hot dogs of manufacturers D and E and A and B. but a statistically significant difference was detected (p0.001). between the average content of RCP in all other manufacturers of hot dogs. The average chloride content in hot dogs from different manufacturers ranged from 1.30±0.10% to 2.55%±0.16%. The average ash content in different hot dog producers ranged from 1.99±0.18% to 3.46±0.22%. The average content of chloride and ash in all five manufacturers was significantly different

Vanadijum u ishrani živine

Vanadium (V) is essential element for poultry nutrition. Relatively low level of V ( lt 10 μg/kg of feed) is known to reduce both growth in chicks and Haugh unit value of eggs. The National Research Council (NRC) recommends the presence of very low levels of V in poultry diets, with the maximum tolerance level (MTL) being 10 mg/kg. Excessive vanadium in poultry diets has been shown to be detrimental to egg production, interior quality of eggs (albumen height), body weight and feed consumption. There is little information on the content of V in feedstuffs. Phosphates are known to be the cause of excessive V in various types of poultry diets. The objective of this study was to obtain information about the content of vanadium in phosphates and poultry feed. The samples were prepared by microwave wet digestion. Content of V was determined by the method of coupled plasma with mass spectrometry on the Agilent ICP-MS 7700. The concentrations of vanadium determined in the examined samples were above the minimum recommended levels for poultry feed, still not exceeding the maximum tolerable values.Vanadijum (V) je esencijalni element u ishrani živine. Relativno niski nivoi V ( lt 10 mg) smanjuju porast pilića i vrednosti Haugh-ovih jedinica jaja. The National Research Council (NRC) preporučuje veoma niske nivoe V u hrani za živinu, pri čemu je za maksimalni nivo tolerancije utvrđena vrednost od 10 mg/kg. Višak vanadijuma u ishrani živine ispoljava štetne efekte u proizvodnji jaja, negativno utiče na unutrašnji kvalitet jaja, telesnu masu živine i efikasnost iskorišćavanja hrane. Podaci o sadržaju V u hrani i hranivima za životinje su oskudni, ali zna se da fosfatna mineralna hraniva često sadrže visoke koncentracije ovog elementa. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se dobiju informacije o sadržaju vanadijuma u hranivima i hrani za živinu. Uzorci hrane za životinje su pripremljeni mikrotalasnom digestijom, a sadržaj V je određen metodom indukovano kuplovane plazme sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS). Koncentracije vanadijuma u ispitivanim uzorcima bile su iznad minimalnih preporučenih nivoa u ishrani živine, ali nisu prelazile maksimalne tolerantne vrednosti za živinu za ovaj element

Efekat upotrebe fitaze na proizvodne rezultate i čvrstinu tibije brojlera

The effect of microbial phytase in corn/soybean meal diets for broilers on performances and tibia characteristics were investigated. The trial was carried out on 200 Arbor Acres broilers of both sexes divided into four groups. The broilers were fed with complete mixtures with different levels of P (0.80 and 0.57% total P and 0.46 and 0.25% available P), with or without phytase. Reduction of the dietary total and available P levels for experimental broilers induced lower body mass and gain as well as higher fed conversion. However, by introduction phytase into diets negative effects of phosphorus reduction were, to some extent alleviated. Addition of phytase into diets decreased serum Ca and increased serum P. Reduction of the dietary P level had no significant effect on serum Ca, but had negative effects on serum P (p (lt) 0.01). The obtained results of bone analysis show that phytase was effective in increasing investigated parameters, but no significant differences were found among groups.Ispitivan je uticaj mikrobijalne fitaze dodate smešama na bazi kukuruza i sojine sačme na proizvodne rezultate i čvrstinu tibije brojlera. Brojleri podeljeni u 4 grupe, su hranjeni obrocima sa različitim količinama P (0,80 i 0,57% ukupnog P i 0,46 i 0,25% iskoristivog P), bez ili sa dodatkom fitaze. Smanjivanje sadržaja P u smešama izazvalo je proporcionalno smanjivanje telesne mase, dnevnog prirasta i pogoršanje konverzije hrane, dok je dodatak fitaze doprineo poboljšanju vrednosti ispitivanih parametara. Dodatkom fitaze uočeno je smanjivanje koncentracije Ca, odnosno povećanje koncentracije P u krvi. Smanjivanje sadržaja P u smešama, nije imalo značajan uticaj na koncentraciju Ca, ali je značajno negativno uticalo na koncentraciju P u krvi (p (lt) 0,01). Dodatak fitaze u smeše sa smanjenom količinom P nije značajno uticao na koncentraciju Ca i P u krvi. Dodatak fitaze u smeše sa adekvatnim i smanjenim sadržajem P doprineo je povećanju čvrstine tibije, sadržaj pepela i Ca u tibiji. Dodatak fitaze nije imao posebno izražene efekte na sadržaj fosfora u tibiji

SADRŽAJ PESTICIDA I TOKSIČNIH ELEMENATA U JETRI LABUDOVA (CYGNUS OLOR)

Labudovi su divlje ptice vodenih staništa i pripadaju familiji Anatidae, roduAnseriformes. S obzirom na stanište, način života i ishranu, labudovi predstavljajuznačajnu bioindikatorsku vrstu za monitoring zagađivača u prirodi. Hrane seuglavnom vodenim biljkama i zelenim algama koje predstavljaju direktan pokazateljzagađenja životne sredine i vodenih staništa. Poznato je da se pasticidi kao i toksičnielementi akumuliraju i perzistiraju u vodenim ekosistemima i vodenim organizmima(alge, ribe, beskičmenjaci itd.) i preko lanca ishrane dospevaju i u kopnene biljke,životinje i čoveka. Cilj ovog rada je bio utvrđivanje stepena ugroženosti labudovakao zaštićene vrste, usled štetnog dejstva pesticida i toksičnih elemenata. Pripremauzoraka za određivanje pesticida je urađena u skladu sa multirezidualnom metodomQuEChERS. Ova metoda pripreme se zasniva na ekstrakciji sa acetonitrilom u prisustvusoli. Za kvantifikaciju rezidua pesticida korišćen je gasni hromatograf sa masenimdetektorom, Agilent Technology GCMSD 7890B/5977A sa elektronskom jonizacijomi kvadropolnim detektorom. Uzorci za merenje toksičnih elemenata pripremljeni sumetodom mikrotalasne digestije u sistemu Ethos, Microwave Labstation, Milestone,a određivanje je izvršeno tehnikom Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometryna instrumentu Agilent ICP-MS 7700 preko izotopa: 75As, 111Cd, 201Hg, 208Pb, 56Fe, 63Cu i66Zn. Rezultati ispitivanja pesticida pokazuju da je u svim analiziranim uzorcima njihovsadržaj veoma nizak i nalazi se ispod granice kvantifikacije upotrebljene metode. Naosnovu izmerenih vrednosti toksičnih elemenata, može se zaključiti, da se njihovsadržaj kretao u intervalu, i to: za arsen 0.004 – 0.027 mg/kg; za kadmijum 0.023 –0.473 mg/kg; za živu 0.007 – 0.188 mg/kg; za olovo 0.108 – 0.248 mg/kg; za bakar 81– 810 mg/kg; za gvožđe 362 – 3288 mg/kg i za cink 21 – 127 mg/kg. Dobijeni rezultatiispitivanja ukazuju da je lokalitet prirodnog rezervata „Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit“nezagađen pesticidima ali da treba u daljim ispitivanjima, na većem broju uzoraka,utvrditi uzroke značajno povećanog sadržaja nekih toksičnih elemenata (Cd, Hg, Cu,Fe) u ispitivanim uzorcima jetre labudova

Impact of arsenic on mouse ovaries over three generations

This study aimed to measure the total arsenic content deposited in the ovaries of three consecutive generations of mice. The animals were treated with two different concentrations to determine whether histological changes were caused in the ovaries. The control group of mice received tap water, whereas the experimental groups were given different concentrations of dissolved arsenic (III)-oxide. The arsenic content in the ovaries in both experimental groups increased with each generation. The highest content was recorded in the third generation of the second experimental group. Between the two experimental groups in each generation, significant differences in the average number of corpora lutea and ovarian follicles were identified. Arsenic caused structural changes in the ovaries in both experimental groups in all three consecutive generations

Evaluation of ELISA tests as screening methods for determination of antibiotics and sulfonamides in honey

The health safety of honey includes the correctness in terms of the presence of different contaminants, which also implies the antibiotic residue. The presence of antibiotics in honey is prohibited, and methods of food analysis are prescribed in order to reliably determine antibiotics in food. In this paper the application of ELISA tests for determination of selected antibiotics and sulfonamides in honey is shown. The possibility of using four ELISA tests for the analysis of tetracyclines, streptomycines, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides was examined. Each test was evaluated after application on honey samples spiked with standard solution of a particular analyte. Samples were prepared according to the instructions of the ELISA test manufacturer referring to honey. Results of investigation of all ELISA tests, except for sulphonamides, have shown satisfactory accuracy (73-111%) and precision (14-16%). Recovery for sulfametoxypyridazin was low (40%), and for low tetracycline concentration was somewhat higher than acceptable (139%). The detection limits were in accordance with the limits given by the ELISA kit manufacturer and are also satisfactory in relation to the requirements of the legislation (0.075-3 μg/kg). The test kits can be used to screen the presence of tetracycline, chloramphenicol and streptomycin in the honey, taking into account the obtained validation parameters

Assessment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinidae – Leuciscus cephalus) from the Nisava River (Serbia). Biologica Nyssana 2: 1–7

Abstract: Jovanović, B., Mihaljev, Ž., Maletin, S., Palić, D.: Assessment of heavy metal load in chub liver (Cyprinidae -Leuciscus cephalus) from the Nišava River (Serbia). Biologica Nyssana, 2 (1), September 2011: 51-58. The Nišava River plays an important role as the source for both drinking water and agricultural irrigation due to its hydrological and geomorphological characteristics as the largest river in the region of southeast Serbia. In this study we used the liver of the chub (Leiciscus cephalus) as a tool for biomonitoring heavy metal accumulation along the river. Chub specimens were sampled from two localities (one at the border with Bulgaria and a second in the city of Niš). Concentrations were estimated for six heavy metals (iron, cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and manganese) in chub liver. Low bioconcentration level was observed for most of the metals and the concentrations corresponded to the nominal concentration in livers of fish inhabiting metal unpolluted streams and rivers. However, cadmium concentration in the chub liver exceeded 0.5 mg kg -1 , a several hundred folds increase from nominal concentration indicating a potential toxic exposure of the fish and of the stream ecosystem to this heavy metal. Hepatosomatic indices were calculated and tested for the impact of metal concentrations on liver size. A decrease of the hepatic index was observed in fish with higher cadmium concentration, suggesting a possible impact on the health of the chub population in the Nišava River