Flexural-gravity waves generated by different load sizes and configurations on varying ice cover

Three-dimensional nonlinear flexural-gravity waves generated by moving loads on the surface of an ice cover floating upon water of infinite depth are computed using a boundary-integral equation approach. A hybrid preconditioned Newton–Krylov (HPNK) method is used to increase the speed of the numerical computations. The effect of variable ice cover focusing on ridge and channel configuration is investigated. In addition, we consider different distributions of pressure to model the moving loads to determine configurations which lead to smaller deflections, reducing the strain in the ice