Varijabilnost osobina semena fertilne i sterilne varijante hibridne kombinacije kukuruza ZP 434

The introduction of sterile forms of parental inbreds in the production of hybrids maize seed has led to the improvement of production methods and to the facilitation of seed crop control. The aim of the present study was to compare utility values of the F1 generation between seeds produced by the use of standard inbreds and seeds produced from plants with cytoplasmic male sterility inherited maternally. Significant differences were detected in all observed traits compared to the version of the hybrid combination. The share of large seed fractions was higher in the fertile than in the sterile version, while the SR to SF ratio was uniform in the sterile version. The weight of 1000-seed was greater in the sterile form (325.7 g), while the first count and germination were equal amounting to 97.2 %. The first count (95.7 %) and germination (94.5 %) were also high in the fertile version.U proizvodnji hibridnog semena kukuruza najvažniji zadatak je proizvodnja kvalitetnog semenskog materijala. Jedna od mera u toku oplodnje semenskog kukuruza je zakidanje metlica. To je težak i odgovoran posao koji iziskuje puno vremena i angažovanje velikog broja radnika uz kontrolu stručnih lica. Uvođenjem sterilnih formi roditeljskih linija u dobijanju semenske robe hibrida kukuruza unapredila se tehnologija proizvodnje i omogućilo lakšu kontrolu semenskih useva. Cilj rada je da se uporede kvalitativne osobine F1 generacije između semena koje je dobijeno upotrebom standardnih linija i semena čija roditeljska komponenta majke ima osobinu citoplazmatične muške sterilnosti. Poređene su: masa 1000 semena, enerija klijanja, klijavost i frakcioni sastav. Značajne razlike utvrđene su kod svih posmatranih osobina u odnosu na verziju hibridne kombinacije. Fertilna verzija u odnosu na sterilnu imala je veće učešće krupnih frakcija, dok je kod sterilne ujednačen odnos SO i SP. Masa 1000 semena veća je kod sterilne forme 325 7g, kao i energija i klijavost koje su u oba slučaja 97,2%. Fertilna verzija je takođe imala visoke vredenosti energije (95,7%) i klijavosti semena(94,5%). Veću varijabilnost u ispoljavanju kvalitativnih osobina semena ispoljila je fertilna varijanta hibridne kombinacije. Dobijene razlike u ispoljavanju fizičko-mehaničkih osobina u korist sterilne verzije opravdavaju uvođenje u semensku proizvodnju hibrida sa citoplazmatičnom muškom sterilnošću

Uticaj porekla sadnog materijala krompira na morfološke osobine semenske krtole

The effects of the origin of planting material on the mophological characteristics of seed tubers of the Kondor potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated within a two-year study (2009-2010). The production conditions of potato planting material at lower altitudes (700 m.a.s.l.) contributed to producing seed tubers of greater physiological age, resulting consequently in a significantly lower average length of sprouts per tuber 1.38 mm, or 13.49 % less, in comparison with the length of sprouts per tuber determined in tubers originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. Using the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 700 m.a.s.l. as a planting material (which forms a larger number of sprouts per tuber), a higher number of primary stems per plant could be expected, which would be beneficial to seed production (a greater number of small tubers). Provided the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. is used as a planting material (which forms a smaller number of sprouts per tuber and potentially a smaller number of stems per plant), the seed tubers should be used in early potato production and for commercial purposes (a small number of large tubers).Dvogodišnja ispitivanja uticaja porekla sadnog materijala krompira (Solanum tuberosum L), na morfološke osobine semenske krtole sorte Kondor, izvedena su tokom 2009. i 2010. godine. Priprema sadnog materijala paralelnom proizvodnjom semenskog krompira izvedena je tokom 2009. i 2010. godine na dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine: Kotraž-Jelica 700 m nv. i Sjenica-Pešter 1300 m nv. Uslovi proizvodnje sadnog materijala krtola poreklom sa niže nadmorske visine (700 m nv.) doprineli su da semenske krtole budu veće fiziološke starosti i da kao posledica toga obrazuju vrlo značajno manju dužinu klica po krtoli, za 1,38 mm, ili za 13,49% manju, u odnosu na dužinu klica po krtoli utvrđenu na krtolama poreklom sa 1300 m nv. Sadni materijal poreklom sa manje nadmorske visine 700 m nv. je u obe godine istraživanja obrazovao značajno veći broj listova po krtoli, u odnosu na prosečan broj listova po krtoli ustanovljen kod krtola poreklom sa veće nadmorske visine 1300 m nv. Upotrebom sadnog materijala sorte Kondor poreklom sa 700 m nv. koji obrazuje veći broj klica po krtoli, i samim tim može se očekivati i veći broj primarnih stabala po biljci, što bi odgovaralo u semenskoj proizvodnji (veći broj sitnih krtola). Ukoliko se koristi sadni materijal sorte Kondor poreklom sa 1300 m nv. koji formira manji broj klica po krtoli i potencijalno obrazuje manji broj glavnih stabala po biljci, treba upotrebiti u ranoj proizvodnji krompira i za merkantilnu proizvodnju (mali broj krupnh krtola)

Buckwheat seed quality during the five-year storage in various packing materials

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) seed, produced in three locations, was used in the present study. Seed was stored in paper, glass, wood and PVC packing materials under room temperature conditions (18 degrees C) for five years. The following parameters of seed quality were observed: viability, germination, dormancy and a 1000-seed weight. Standard laboratory methods were applied in the studies. The lowest viability after harvest was recorded in seeds stored in glass or PVC packing materials. All factors pointed to a great significance in the expression of viability, germination and seed weight maintenance. The highest value of germination (99%) was recorded in seeds produced in the location Karbulovo after two-year storage in the paper packing material. In the second year of storage, seed dormancy in paper packing material amounted to 0-0.1%. The seed weight changed during the storage period from 33.9 g to 24.4 g. The weight loss was the lowest in seeds stored in the paper packing material. The germination decline was slower in large than in small seeds. Obtained results indicate the importance of packing material for maintenance of seed qualitative traits. According to the gained results, seeds packed in paper packing material mostly retained their physiological and morphological traits

Changes in the infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of lignins from alfalfa stem with growth and development

Lignin is a poorly characterized polymer and its exact properties vary depending on both the species of the plant and its location within the plant. Three classes of lignins taken from alfalfa stem were examined. The investigation was concentrated on the determination of chemical changes in the lignins during growth and development by the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared (IR) spectrometric technique. The spectrum of permanganate lignin was comparable to that of acid detergent lignin. The main differences were in the different relative absorbance of the peaks. The predominant component of acid detergent lignin and permanganate lignin was guaiacyl-type lignin. The predominant component of Klason lignin was syringyl-type lignin. A comparison between the signals from lignin in different development stages revealed the appearance of new peaks, which are indications of new bonds and changes in the structure of the lignins

Uticaj sorte i agroekoloških uslova na komponente prinosa krompira

The research on the effect of ecological conditions and cultivars on the yield components of potatoes was conducted in Badovinci (Western Serbia) during the period 2008-2009. The following potato cultivars were included in the experiment: early ('Cleopatra', 'Anushka' and 'Presto'), medium early ('Kuroda', 'Omega' and 'Dita'), and medium late ('Desiree', 'Roko' and 'Jelly'). The four-replicate field trials were set up using the standard methodology according to the random block design. 18TThe research results suggest that genotype (G) and ecological conditions (E) significantly affect all yield components of potatoes. In both years, the highest yield was recorded18T in18T the medium late variety 'Desiree'18T 18T(18T28.30 t ha־¹), followed by the early variety 'Anushka' 18T(18T26.60 t ha־¹), 18Twhile the lowest18T 18Tyield18T was 18Trecorded18T 18Tin the medium early variety 'Omega' (18T13.35 t ha־¹). The 18Tresults obtained show that18T 18Tthe18T 18Thighest yields18T in Western Serbia were 18Trecorded in early varieties18T 18T('Cleopatra'18T, 'Anushka' 18Tand18T '18TPresto'18T) and 18Tmedium18T 18Tlate varieties18T 18T('18TDesiree'), which exhibited considerable18T resistance to high18T 18Tair temperatures18T and 18Tdrought stress18T.Komponente prinosa devet sorti krompira ispitivane su tokom 2008. i 2009. godine na lokaciji zapadne Srbije u selu Badovinci (75 m nadmorska visina, 44˚ 80' 05'N, 19˚ 35' 39'E). Za istraživanje korišćene su sledeće sorte krompira: rane (Cleopatra, Anushka i Presto), srednje rane (Kuroda, Omega i Dita) i srednje kasne (Desiree, Roko i Jelly). Sadnja je izvedena u prvoj dekadi aprila. Međuredno rastojanje bilo je 0,70 m a između biljaka u redu 0,30 m. Primenjena je standardna tehnologija gajenja krompira. Broj primarnih nadzemnih izdanaka određen je 65 dana posle sadnje krtola. Vađenje krompira izvršeno je početkom septembra kada je izvršeno i utvrđivanje broja krtola po biljci i ukupan prinos. 18TDobijeni rezultati ukazuju da su sorta (G) i agroekološki uslovi (E) značajno utiču na sve komponente prinosa krompira. U obe godine najveći ukupan prinos krtola zabeležen je kod srednje kasne sorte Desiree18T 18T(18T28,30 t ha־¹), zatim kod rane sorte Anushka 18T(18T26,60 t ha־¹), dok je najniži prinos krtola utvrđen kod srednje rane sorte 18TOmega (18T13,35 t ha־¹). Na osnovu rezultata dvogodišnjih istraživanja uticaja sorte i agroekoloških uslova na komponente prinosa u zapadnoj Srbiji, možemo izvesti sledeće zaključke: - Sorta i uslovi sredine pojedinačno i u interakciji značajno utiču na komponente prinosa18T; Za dobijanje visokih prinosa krtola u uslovima zapadne Srbije možemo preporučiti rane sorte (18TCleopatra, Anushka 18Ti18T P18Tresto18T), posebno u godinama sa malom količinom padavina, kao i srednje kasnu sortu 18T(18TDesiree), koja je pokazala dobru tolerantnost prema visokim temperaturama vazduha i suši

Seed Quality of Oilseed Rape Varieties with Different Size and Colors After Three and Fifteen Months Storage

During two years, germinability and initial growth of seedling of nine foreign varieties and four domestic varieties were studied. The seed is grouped by size (small, medium and large), color (dark transitional and light color of seed coat). Then it was preserved and at three and fifteen months of age in the laboratory and in the field, germinability, dormant seed and growth of shoot and radicle root were examined. In addition to the age, other factors (variety, size, color, period of storage) influenced significantly (P≥0.05 to P≥0.00) on seed germinability and growth of seedling. Higher germinability is achieved from large seeds up to 3.6%. Depending on the seed coat color, the germinability varied to 11%. The seed coat color has had a high impact on maintaining germinability for fifteen months. Seeds with darker coat have also shown higher potential for storage and use in subsequent seeding periods, as determined by the application of the aging test on seed. Significant interdependence (r) was obtained between the germinability test and the growth of seedling in laboratory conditions and in field conditions. Between the germinability and the growth of the shoot and the root, a significant interdependence was established, depending on the varieties (P≥0.05 to P≥0.00). Keywords: Age; Dormancy; Germinability; Seed; Seedling

Uticaj primene bakterijskih inokulanata i strukture smeše na kvalitet silaže grahorice i ovsa

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of ensiling common vetch - oat mixtures sown at five different seeding rates. Two effects were studied: seeding rate of common vetch and oat in the mixtures and application of bacterial inoculant. The pH, DM (Dry Matter) content, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, lactic, acetic and butyric acids were determined on silages. DLG method was utilized for classification the silage quality. Common vetch and oat were grown in binary mixtures at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Kruševac - Serbia, and were tested at five different mixture rates: pure vetch, 25% vetch + 75% oat, 50% vetch + 50% oat, 75% vetch + 25% oat and pure oat. Application of bacterial inoculant affected higher content of ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid (P lt 0.05), but lower content of soluble nitrogen (P lt 0.05). Depending on the seeding rates of common vetch and oat, 75 : 25 common vetch - oat silage had the highest content of lactic acid and the lowest content of butyric acid. Contents of DM, pH and ammonia nitrogen were similar in all silages ranged from 307.2 to 318.5 g kg-1 , from 4.27 to 4.54 and from 16.1 to 19.1% ΣN, respectively. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, similar quality grades were founded.Istraživanje je sprovedeno da bi se procenila mogućnost siliranja smeša grahorice i ovsa posejanih u pet različitih odnosa. Ispitivana su dva faktora: udeo semena grahorice i ovsa u smeši i primena inokulanta pri siliranju. Sadržaj suve materiije, pH, sadržaj amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota, kao i sadržaj sirćetne, buterne i mlečne kiseline je utvrđen u silaži. Za ocenu kvaliteta silaže je korišćena DLG i metoda po Weissbach-u. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu, Srbija, i ispitavanja su obuhvatila pet različitih smeša: čist usev grahorice, 25% grahorice + 75% ovsa, 50% grahorice + 50% ovsa, 75% grahorice + 25% ovsa i čist usev ovsa. Rezultati suobrađeni kao dvofaktorijalni ogled, analizom varijanse korišćenjem modela koji objašnjava uticaj structure smeše i primene inokulanta na kvalitet silaže. Primena bakterijskog inokulanta je uzrokovala veći sadržaj amonijačnog azota i sirćetne kiseline (P lt 0.05), ali niži sadržaj rastvorljivog azota. Smeša u kojoj je odnos grahorice i ovsa bio 75:25 sadržala je najveći udeo mlečne kiseline i najmanji udeo buterne kiseline. Sadržaj suve materije, pH i amonijačnog azota je bio sličan u svim silažama i kretao se od 307,2 do 318,5 g kg-1 , od 4,27 do 4,54 i od 16,1 do 19,1% ΣN, respektivno. Na osnovu ocene kvaliteta silaže prema DLG i Weissbach metodi utvrđen je približan kvalitet ispitivanih silaža

Procena kvaliteta hibridnog semena kukuruza prema obliku i veličini semena

Maize seed is characterised by a variety of shapes and sizes, which directly or indirectly affect physiological properties. The aim of the present study was to establish the significance of the seed shape and size on the first count and germination. The following eight hybrids were used as a seed material in the trial: ZP196, ZP260, ZP341, ZP360, ZP434, ZP677, ZP684 and ZP704. The traits of seed shape and size were observed under laboratory conditions. The seed mass, the first count and germination were determined. The genotype and the seed fraction significantly affected the variance of seed mass formation, R2≥0,911, while the significance of these factors for the first count and germination was small with the coefficient of determination of R2≤0.129 and≤0.298, respectively. The first count and germination were high (above 95%) in all sizes and all shapes of seeds. The lowest first count and germination were detected in SO (94.2; 95.1, respectively), while the highest values were determined in SSP (97.1; 98.0, respectively). The importance of seed germination was determined by the analysis of variance (p<0.05).Seme kukuruza odlikuje se raznovrsošću oblika i veličina, koje po srednoilineposrednoutičuna fiziološke osobine. Ciljrada je bio da se utvrdi značaj oblika i veličine semenana energiju I klijavost semena. U ogledu kao semenski material korišćeno je osam hibrida (ZP196, ZP260, ZP341, ZP360, ZP434, ZP 677, ZP684, ZP704. U laboratorijskim uslovima posmatrane su osobine oblika i veličine seme. Izvojeno je četiri frakcija SP. SO. SSP, SSO. Od osobina određena je masa semena, energija klijanja, klijavost. Genotip i frakcija semena imale su značajnog uticaja na varijansu formiranja mase semena R2≥0,911, dok za energiju i klijavost značaj ovih faktora je mali sa koeficijentom determinacije R 2≤0,129 odnosnoR2≤0,298. Struktura semena na klipu podeljena u frakcije ukazuje na veće prisustvo sinih frakcija u odnosu na srednje sitne, a po obliku ujenačenije su pljosnate frakcije, izmeđukojih ne postoj i statistička značajnost. Energija klijanja i klijavost semena kod svih veličina i oblika semena je visoka iznad 95%. Najmanja energija i klijavost je za seme SO (94,2; 95,1), a najveća za seme SSP (97,1;98,0).Istraživanja su pokazala da podele semena po frakcijama ima značaja radi ujednačavanja semenskog materijala i jedan je od osnovnih uslova za dobru semensku i merkantilnu proizvodnju. Naročito je značajno u prvim fazama razvitka klijanaca, što kasnije ima uticaja na prinos useva

Using molecular markers in the identification of different genotypes of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

In order to have successful breeding, it is necessary to introduce new breeding material constantly and to use it through various types of hybridisation to increase the existing variability. Ten (10) lucerne varieties of different geographic origin were used in the study. Six varieties originated from the Republic of Serbia (Kruševačka 22, Kruševačka 28, NS-Banat ZMS II, NS-Mediana ZMS V, Zaječarska 83 and Čačanka 10), three varieties originated from the Republic of Croatia (Osječka 66, Osječka 88 and Osječka 99) and one variety originated from the Republika Srpska (Banjalučanka). A total of 100 seeds per each of 10 (ten) lucerne varieties were placed in Petri dishes to germinate. The dishes were placed in the seed germination chamber with the altering temperature of 20 oС in the dark for 16 h and 30 oС in the light for 8 h for seven days. The first green leaflets of lucerne seedlings (cotyledons) were used for the DNA extraction. The first and the second axes from the principal coordinates analysis accounted for a total of 63.1% of genetic variation, contained in the original dataset. It is clearly observed that the genotype Zaječarska 83 is genetically most distant from other studied lucerne genotypes. These studies confirmed that the observed collection of lucerne varieties is variable enough for the successful breeding process. Using an appropriate breeding model it is possible to breed varieties for certain purposes

Disperzija osobina hibridnog semena kukuruza u odnosu na različite uslove proizvodnje

This paper presents the results of an analysis of maize seed production. A total of six hybrids were selected from two maturity groups (FAO 300 and FAO 600) produced in three locations (L1, L2, L3). The following commercially important seed traits and their variability were analyzed: 1000-seed mass and germination. The average 1000-seed mass of all the parameters examined amounted to 342.8 g, whereas the minimum and maximum masses recorded were 285.7 g and 370.5 g, respectively. In the FAO 300 hybrids, a 60:30 ratio of large to small seed fractions was recorded. Conversely, this ratio in the FAO 600 hybrids was not uniform. Seed germination of the hybrids examined was high (above 90 %). The highest effect on trait variability was recorded in the hybrid combination (η2 = 0.889 - seed mass, and η2 = 0.456 - germination). Trait variations across locations and hybrid combinations are important for obtaining high yields and realizing the maximum potential of seed material.U radu su prikazani rezultati analize proizvodnje semenskog kukuruza. Iz proizvodnje su odabrani sledeći hibridi: ZP 333, ZP 341, ZP 360, ZP 600, ZP 606 i ZP 666; dve grupe zrenja (FAO 300 i 600), proizvedenih na tri lokaliteta (L1, L2, L3). Analize su rađene na osobine semena koje su važne komercijalne karakteristike - apsolutna masa semena i klijavost, a koje zavise od uslova proizvodnje i vremenskih uslova godine, te je njihova varijabilnost manja ili veća u zavisnosti od ovih faktora. Varijabilnast i korelacija dve pomenute osobine su posmatrani na semenu proizvedenom u 2015. godini. Seme je podeljeno prema masi na krupnu (8,5-11 mm) i sitnu frakciju (6,5-8,5 mm). Prosečna masa 1000 semena za sve posmatrane parametre iznosila je 342,8 g, minimalana 285,7 g i maximalna 370,5 g. Hibridi grupe zrenja 300 karakterisali su se većim procentom krupne frakcije: odnos za hibride iz ove grupe bio je 60% krupne i 30% sitne frakcije. Grupa zrenja 600 nema ujednačen odnos frakcija između hibrida. Klijavost za sve posmatrane hibride bila je visoka - iznad 90%, uz mali broj uzoraka čija vrednost je bila ispod standardizovanog procenta. Varijabilnost u ispoljavanju osobina između lokaliteta bila je veoma značajna (p lt 0,05). Najveći efekat na varijabilnost osobina imala je hibridna kombinacija (η2=0,889 na masu i η2=0,456 na klijavost) a zatim interakcija hibridne kombinacije sa lokalitetom (η2=0,621 na masu i η2=0,623 na klijavost). Frakcija nije imala statističke značajnosti u ispoljavanju klijavosti semena (η2=0,020). Variranje osobina prema lokalitetu i hibridnoj kombinaciji značajno je za postizanje visokih prinosa i ispoljavanje maksimalnog potencijala semenskog materijala