The influence of tablet swelling, drug solubility and conductivity of mediacontaining sodium lauryl sulfate on dissolution from the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose tablets

V magistrski nalogi smo preučevali interakcijo med natrijevim lavrilsulfatom (SDS) v mediju za sproščanje in hidroksipropilmetilcelulozo (HPMC) v ogrodni tableti. Zanimalo nas je, kako ta interakcija vpliva na sproščanje težko topne zdravilne učinkovine natrijevega diklofenakata (Na-DF). V ta namen smo testirali sproščanje Na-DF iz ogrodnih tablet s HPMC. Sproščanje smo izvajali v Napravi II po USP v 4-krat redčenih Mcllvainovih pufrih (DMB) različnih pH vrednostih in s koncentracijami SDS-a od 0,05 &#87221 %. Ugotovili smo, da se je v DMB pH 4 z 0,05 % SDS-a in DMB pH 7 z 0,05 % SDS-a po 4 urah sproščanja sprostilo manj učinkovine kot v samem DMB. Med testiranjem sproščanja smo spremljali nabrekanje tablet z merjenjem višine in premera le-teh. Nato smo izračunali volumne tablet. Pri DMB pH 3 in pH 4 smo po 4 urah sproščanja opazili, da volumen tablet narašča v medijih brez SDS-a in z 0,05 % SDS-a, pri višjih koncentracijah SDS-a pa pada. Pri DMB pH 7 je volumen tablet najnižji pri 0,05 % SDS-a, nato malo naraste in pri koncentraciji 0,1 % SDS-a ponovno začne padati. Pri opazovanju nabrekanja tablet brez Na-DF v DMB pH 3 volumen tablet narašča vse do 0,06 % SDS-a in pada pri večjih koncentracijah SDS-a. Z metodo merjenja prevodnosti raztopin SDS-a v vodi in v DMB pH 4, smo SDS-u določili vrednosti kritične micelske koncentracije (CMC). V medijih, kjer je bila prisotna tudi HPMC, pa smo določili vrednosti kritične agregacijske koncentracije (CAC) in točko nasičenosti polimera (PSP). Vrednost CMC v vodi je bila višja kot v DMB pH 4. Vrednost CAC se je v vodi nekoliko spreminjala s koncentracijo HPMC, PSP pa naraščala. Pri DMB pH 4 pa so vrednosti CAC naraščale z naraščajočo koncentracijo HPMC, vrednosti PSP pa so se neenakomerno spreminjale. V DMB različnih pH vrednosti z in brez HPMC in z različno koncentracijo SDS-a smo določili topnost Na-DF. Le-ta je v DMB pH 3 in pH 4 naraščala z naraščajočo koncentracijo SDS-a, tako v medijih brez, kot z dodano HPMC. Dodatek HPMC v medij, je nekoliko povečal topnost Na-DF, napram medijem brez dodane HPMC. Pri merjenju transmitance v DMB pH 3 z različnimi koncentracijami SDS-a in HPMC smo ugotovili, da transmitanca vzorcev pada z naraščajočo koncentracijo HPMC in SDS-a, vse do koncentracije SDS-a 0,1 %, nato pa ponovno narašča. Pri vseh uporabljenih metodah smo opazili nepričakovane rezultate pri podobnih koncentracijah SDS-a (0,05-1 %) , kar bi lahko nakazovalo na interakcije med SDS in HPMC pri teh koncentracijah.The aim of this thesis was to study the interaction between sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Specifically how this interaction influences the release of diclofenac sodium (Na-DF) from matrix tablets with HPMC. The release of Na-DF from matrix tablets was tested in apparatus 2 (USP) in diluted Mcllvain buffers (DMB) with different pH and SDS concentrations from 0,05-1 %. The percentage of Na-DF released in DMB pH 4 with 0,05 % SDS and DMB pH 7 with 0,05 % SDS was smaller than in DMB media without SDS. During the dissolution testing, the swelling of tablets was examined by measuring their height and diameter. The 4 hour test in DMB pH 3 and pH 4 showed the volume of tablets increased until the concentration of SDS reached 0,05 %, afterward the volume started to decrease. In DMB pH 7 the volume decreased until 0,05 % of SDS, then started increasing reaching the peak at 0,1 % and then decreased again. When examining the swelling of tablets without Na-DF in DMB pH 3 the volume increased until 0,06 % of SDS and decreased with higher SDS concentrations. Using the conductometric method the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of SDS in water and DMB pH 4 was determined. The same media with added HPMC were used to determine the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and polymer saturation point (PSP). CMC values in water were higher than in DMB pH 4. With higher HPMC concentrations CAC values in water changed nonlinearly while PSP values increased. In DMB pH 4, CAC values increased with higher HPMC concentrations and PSP values changed nonlinearly. Solubility of Na-DF was determined in DMB media with different pH, with and without HPMC and with different SDS concentrations. In DMB pH 3 and pH 4 media with and without HPMC, the solubility increased with higher SDS concentrations. The addition of HPMC in media increased the solubility of Na-DF in comparison with media without HPMC. By measuring the transmittance of samples in DMB pH 3 with different SDS and HPMC concentrations, the transmitance was found to decrease with higher SDS and HPMC concentrations until 0,1 % of SDS. When concentrations of SDS increased above 0,1 % the transmittance increased. We noticed unexpected results at similar SDS concentrations (0,05-0,1 %) at all experimental methods we used, which can indicate possible interactions between SDS and HPMC at these concentrations

Sumnjivi i nepodudarni rezultati u dijagnostici bjesnoće testom imuno-fluorescencije.

A total of 7339 fox, dog, cat, cattle, sheep and other mammalian brains were tested to rabies virus antigen. Results of fluorescent antibody test (FAT) were evaluated by two microscopists. Doubtful and discordant results in FAT were analyzed again in virus isolation test (VIT) using mouse neuroblastoma (NA) cell line. Twenty-eight brain samples were determined as doubtful, while 9 brain samples were determined to be positive by one microscopist and negative by the other. Samples which were shown as doubtful and discordant in FAT were retested in VIT. Seventeen of these were positive in the VIT.Na prisutnost antigena virusa bjesnoće bilo je pretraženo ukupno 7339 uzoraka mozgova lisica, mačaka, goveda, ovaca i drugih vrsta životinja. Rezultate izravnog imunofluorescentnog testa vrednovala su dva stručnjaka. Uzorci koji su u testu imunofluorescencije davali sumnjive rezultate, ili se rezultati stručnjaka nisu slagali bili su pretraženi izdvajanjem virusa na kulturi stanica. Rabljena je stanična linija neuroblastoma miševa. Dvadeset osam uzoraka bilo je proglašeno sumnjivim na bjesnoću. Rezultat prvog mikroskopskog pregleda u devet uzoraka bio je pozitivan, a drugog negativan. Od ukupno 37 uzoraka, koji su bili ponovno pretraženi izdvajanjem virusa, 17 je bilo pozitivnih na bjesnoću

Approach to A Terminally-Ill Patient and His Familly – Coordination of Palliative Care

Paliativna oskrba je celostna obravnava bolnika z napredujočo, neozdravljivo boleznijo. Timski pristop omogoča najboljšo možno celostno oskrbo vseh potreb bolnika in njegovih svojcev. Koordinator PO ima kot član paliativnega tima osrednjo vlogo zlasti pri povezovanju različnih ravni PO v posamezni ustanovi in skrbi za redno sledenje bolnika po odpustu v domačo oskrbo. Je vez med bolnikom in svojci ter timom za PO na Onkološkem inštitutu. Bolniku in svojcem nudi tudi psihično in duhovno podporo.Palliative care is a comprehensive medical care or treatment of a patient facing a progressive and incurable disease. Team approach provides the best possible care of the needs of patients and their relatives. Coordinatator of palliative care, who is a member of the palliative team, plays a central role, especially in integrating different levels of palliative care in each institution and ensures a regular follow-up of the patient after his dismissal to home care. The coordinator is the link between the patient and the palliative care team at the Institute of Oncology. He also offers psychological and spiritual support to patients and their families

Pristop k bolniku in njegovi družini med neozdravljivo boleznijo: koordinacija paliativne oskrbe

Palliative care is a comprehensive medical care or treatment of a patient facing a progressive and incurable disease. Team approach provides the best possible care of the needs of patients and their relatives. Coordinatator of palliative care, who is a member of the palliative team, plays a central role, especially in integrating different levels of palliative care in each institution and ensures a regular follow-up of the patient after his dismissal to home care. The coordinator is the link between the patient and the palliative care team at the Institute of Oncology. He also offers psychological and spiritual support to patients and their families.Paliativna oskrba je celostna obravnava bolnika z napredujočo, neozdravljivo boleznijo. Timski pristop omogoča najboljšo možno celostno oskrbo vseh potreb bolnika in njegovih svojcev. Koordinator PO ima kot član paliativnega tima osrednjo vlogo zlasti pri povezovanju različnih ravni PO v posamezni ustanovi in skrbi za redno sledenje bolnika po odpustu v domačo oskrbo. Je vez med bolnikom in svojci ter timom za PO na Onkološkem inštitutu. Bolniku in svojcem nudi tudi psihično in duhovno podporo