Dominance of Fagus sylvatica in the Growing Stock and Its Relationship to Climate—An Analysis Using Modeled Stand-Level Climate Data

In the future, climate change is expected to affect the spatial distribution of most tree species in Europe. The European beech (Fagus sylvatica), a drought-sensitive tree species, is currently distributed throughout Europe, where it is an ecologically and economically important species. In Slovenia, the European beech represents 33% of the growing stock, but such a proportion greatly varies across Europe. Whether such a variation is related to the climate environmental gradients or because of historical or management decisions is an as-yet unexplored question. For this study, we employed the Slovenian Forests Service inventory, where the proportion of beech in the forest stock has been monitored in 341,341 forest stands across the country. Modeled climate data from the SLOCLIM database, calculated for each of the stands, was also used to test the hypothesis that although beech forests have always been influenced by human activity, the dominance of beech trees in forest stands is at least partially dictated by the climate. The results showed the distribution of the main climate variables (annual precipitation, the share of summer and spring precipitation, and annual maximum and minimum temperatures) and how they affect the current dominance of beech trees at the stand level. Due to the large number and variability of forest stands studied, the results should be transferable to better understand and manage the climatic suitability and risks of Fagus sylvatica. The modeled data is publicly available in the web repository Zenodo

Growth characteristics of european beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) In the Vrhe forest management unit

V diplomskem delu so prikazani rezultati rastnih analiz bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) v GGE Vrhe. Gre za mejna rastišča bukve, kjer prihaja do mešanja vplivov sredozemske klime, ki je aridna, in kontinentalne klime z več padavinami in nižjimi temperaturami. V ta namen je bilo analiziranih 33 dreves na 6 ploskvah. Ploskve so se nahajale na nadmorskih višinah med 515 in 690 m. Štiri ploskve smo analizirali na flišu (rastišča združbe Castaneo-Fagetum sylvaticae), dve ploskvi pa na apnencu (rastišči združbe Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum). Proučili smo višinsko, debelinsko in volumensko rast, določili rastiščne indekse ter ugotovili pojavnost rdečega srca. Ne glede na mejno območje rasti bukve imajo pedoklimatske razmere odločilen vpliv na rastne indekse. Kot najbolj produktivna se je izkazala ploskev z združbo Castaneo-Fagetum sylvaticae na flišu, globokih tleh, južni ekspoziciji. Ugotovljene vrednosti rastiščnega indeksa SI100 na ploskvah so v intervalu med 22 in 33 metri. Rastiščni indeksi na analiziranih ploskvah na apnencu (SI100: 26-29) so nekoliko boljši kot pri Starodu (SI100: 22-26). Zaradi mejnih pogojev je pogostost pojava rdečega srca velika.The thesis exhibits results of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) growth analysis, performed in the Vrhe forest management unit. On these beech sites there is a mixture of Mediterranean climate, which is dry, and continental climate with more precipitation and lower temperatures. For this purpose, 33 trees of beech on 6 locations were analyzed. Locations were between 515 and 690 m above sea level. There were two site units: Castaneo-Fagetum sylvaticae (on flysch bedrock) with four plots and Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum (on limestone bedrock) with 2 plots. We analyzed height growth, diameter growth, site index (SI100) and red heart appearance. Despite border area of growth, soil conditions have the biggest impact on site indexes. The most productive was location on the site unit Castaneo-Fagetum sylvaticae on flysch, with deep ground and on south exposition. The established values of site index SI100 were between 22 and 33 m. Site indexes on the analyzed locations on limestone bedrock (SI100: 26-29) are higher than site index at Starod (SI100: 22-26). Because of border area of growth for beech the share of trees with red heart is high

Survival and quality of deciduous trees in experimental plantations near Divača

Nastopil je čas za premeno malodonosnih borovih gozdov na Krasu. Da bi ugotovili primernost drevesnih vrst, je bilo leta 2012 osnovanih 6 poskusnih ploskev v neposredni bližini Divače. Tri ploskve so bile osnovane na boljšem rastišču na ravnini, tri pa na slabšem na pobočju. Na vseh ploskvah so bile posajene naslednje drevesne vrste: navadni koprivovec (Celtis australis L.), graden (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), navadna bukev (Fagus sylvatica L.), divja češnja (Prunus avium L.), navadni oreh (Juglans regia L.) ter gorski javor (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Prve meritve so bile izvedene po prvi rastni sezoni leta 2013, ponovljene in razširjene pa so bile leta 2017 po štirih rastnih sezonah. Merili smo višino sadik, višinski prirastek, premer debla 5 cm nad tlemi in ocenili preživetje, vitalnost in kakovost. Poleg tega smo naredili analizo tal. Po ponovnem merjenju leta 2017 se je izkazalo, da je bil ob upoštevanju rastiščnih razmer uspeh preživetja sadik presenetljivo visok, saj je skupno preživelo kar 70 % posajenih sadik. Glede na vse merjene parametre se je do zdaj kot najuspešnejša pokazala divja češnja, najmanj pa navadna bukev. Kakovost rastišča je najbolj vplivala na uspeh pri gorskem javorju, saj je imel največjo razliko v deležu preživetja med rastiščema.The time has come for conversion of low productivity karst pine forests. In order to determine the suitability of tree species, 6 experimental plots were established in 2012 near Divača. Three plots were located in a more productive site on flat terrain and three on the less productive site on the slope. The following tree species were planted on all plots: Celtis australis L., Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Fagus sylvatica L., Prunus avium L., Juglans regia L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. The first measurements were made in 2013 after first growing season. They were repeated and expanded in 2017 after four growing seasons since planting. The height of seedlings, increment, stem diameter 5 cm above the ground, vitality and quality were measured or estimated. In addition, a soil analysis has been made. After re-measuring in 2017, the success of survival of the seedlings was surprisingly high according to the site conditions, because 70 % of all planted seedlings survived. The most successful species so far was P. avium, while F. sylvatica was the least successful. Acer pseudoplatanus was the most susceptible to poor field conditions, as it had the largest difference in the survival rate between the plots

Fenologija razvoja listov navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica) na rastišču v Ljubljani v letu 2020

In spring of 2020 we observed leaf phenology in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Landscape Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia (46.05°N, 14.49°E, 310 m a. s. l.). A group of 11 trees was selected for daily monitoring of leaf development. We recorded seven phases from dormant buds, through leaf unfolding till development of mature leaves. At the same time, photos were taken to illustrate the leaf development. First developing leaves were observed on 4 April in one tree. General leaf unfolding, as defined by International Phenological Gardens (IPG), was observed in different trees between 7 and 25 April 2020. The occurrence and duration of individual phases of leaf development showed great variation within and between trees. General leaf unfolding of the tree included in the long-term monitoring program of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO) occurred on DOY 105 (14 April 2020), which is 4 days earlier than long-term average of the same tree/location, and this is ascribed to above average temperatures in the winter of 2019/2020.V Krajinskem parku Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib v Ljubljani (46,05°S, 14,49°V, 310 m n. m.) smo spomladi leta 2020 opazovali fenologijo razvoja listov odraslih dreves navadne bukve ( Fagus sylvatica ). Izbrali smo skupino enajstih dreves za dnevno opazovanje, beleženje in fotografiranje razvoja listov. Razlikovali smo sedem faz od mirujo - čih brstov, preko različnih faz olistanja do zrelih listov. Prve razvijajoče se liste smo na enem drevesu opazili 4. aprila 2020. Fazo splošnega olistanja, kot jo določa metodologija Mednarodnih fenoloških vrtov, smo pri različnih drevesih beležili od 7. do 25. aprila 2020. Pri nastopu in trajanju različnih faz razvoja listov smo zabeležili velike razlike znotraj posameznega drevesa in med drevesi. Splošno olistanje pri drevesu, ki ga dolgotrajno opazuje Agencija RS za okolje (ARSO), je nastopilo na zaporedni dan 105 (14. aprila 2020), kar je 4 dni prej kot kaže dolgoletno povprečje za isto drevo/lokacijo. Slednje pripisujemo nadpovprečno visokim temperaturam v zimi 2019/202

Variabilnost jesenske listne fenologije med drevesi navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica) na rastišču v Ljubljani

Temporal variability of leaf senescence (autumn phenology) was observed in 2020 in 11 European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Landscape Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia, previously this year observed also for spring phenology. General leaf colouring (LC) BBCH94 occurred, between 19 and 24 October 2020, with lower inter-individual variability than that of leaf unfolding (LU), BBCH11. The trees had active leaves (LC-LU) between 177 and 199 days. In only 3 trees total leaf fall (LF), BBCH97, occurred before 19 November 2020. LC of the tree included in the long-term monitoring program of the Slovenian Environment Agency ARSO occurred on 24 October 2020. This is 7 days later than 65-year average of the same tree/location and is ascribed to weather conditions. Investigation of tree tissues showed that the width of the last formed tree-ring in the wood varied between 0.39 and 9.61 mm and in phloem between 0.09 and 0.26 mm and that the tissues reflect health condition of the trees.V letu 2020 smo spremljali jesensko fenologijo listov 11 dreves evropske bukve (Fagus sylvatica) v Krajinskem parku Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib v Ljubljani, Slovenija. Pri istih drevesih smo spomladi spremljali proces olistanja. Splošno obarvanje listov (LC), BBCH94, je nastopilo med 19. in 24. oktobrom 2020, v ožjem časovnem intervalu kot spomladansko olistanje (LU), BBCH11. Drevesa so imela aktivne liste (LC-LU) od 177 do 199 dni. Samo s 3 dreves je do 19. novembra 2020 odpadlo vse listje (LF), BBCH97. Pri drevesu, ki je vključeno v dolgoletni program spremljanja fenologije listov Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje ARSO, je obarvanje listov nastopilo 24. oktobra 2020, kar je za 7 dni kasneje od 65-letnega povprečja za isto drevo / lokacijo. Raziskave drevesnih tkiv so pokazale, da je znašala širina zadnje branike v lesu med 0,39 in 9,61 mm in v floemu med 0,09 in 0,26 mm in da tkiva nakazujejo zdravstveno stanje dreves

Dobro preživetje listopadnih drevesnih vrst v štiriletnem nasadu na slovenskem Krasu

Six broadleaf tree species (Celtis australis L. – Mediterranean hackberry, Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. – sessile oak, Fagus sylvatica L. – European beech, Prunus avium L. – wild cherry, Juglans regia L. – Persian walnut and Acer pseudoplatanus L. – sycamore maple) were planted in 2012 in a trial in the Slovenian Karst on two sites differing in productivity to test their suitability for use in the conversion of old pine stands into ecologically more stable broadleaf forests and to investigate their possible response to the harsher growth conditions predicted in the future. The selected economically interesting tree species have higher timber quality than broadleaves which regenerate naturally (e.g., Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Quercus cerris). Measurements were taken in 2017, after four growth seasons. All planted species except Fagus sylvatica had a high survival rate. In total, 70% of all seedlings survived, which shows promising potential. The survival rate was higher at the site on flat terrain than at the site on a slope. Prunus avium was the most successful of all planted species in terms of survival rate, at 83%, and other measured parameters (height, height increment, stem diameter, vitality and quality), and Fagus sylvatica was the least successful, with a survival rate of only 20%. Celtis australis had the highest survival rate, at 87%. Acer pseudoplatanus had the largest differences in measured parameters between the more and less productive sites among all planted species. Quercus petraea showed high resistance to xeric conditions and is expected to be the most successful in conversions. All planted species except Fagus sylvatica show favourable initial potential for the future conversion of Karst pine forests.Leta 2012 je bilo v poskusnem nasadu posajenih šest listopadnih drevesnih vrst (Celtis australis L. – navadni koprivovec, Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. – graden, Fagus sylvatica L. – navadna bukev, Prunus avium L. – divja češnja, Juglans regia L. – navadni oreh, in Acer pseudoplatanus L. – gorski javor), ki je zajemal dve različno produktivni rastišči na Krasu v Sloveniji. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti katere drevesne vrste so primerne za premeno dotrajanih gozdov črnega bora v ekološko stabilnejše listopadne gozdove, hkrati pa tudi ugotoviti, ali so primerne za ostrejše rastne razmere, ki so napovedane za prihodnost. Izbrane drevesne vrste so ekonomsko zanimive in dosegajo višje vrednosti lesa na trgu kot vrste, ki se na območju naravno pomlajujejo (npr. Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Quercus cerris). Meritve so bile opravljene leta 2017, po štirih rastnih sezonah. Vse posajene sadike, z izjemo bukve, so imele visok delež preživetja. Skupno je preživelo kar 70 % sadik, večji delež preživelih je bil na rastišču v ravnini v primerjavi z rastiščem na pobočju. Glede na merjene parametre (preživetje, višina, višinski prirastek, premer 5 cm nad tlemi, vitalnost, kakovost) se je kot najuspešnejša izkazala divja češnja s 83-odstotnim deležem preživetja, kot najmanj uspešna pa navadna bukev z le 20-odstotnim deležem preživetja. Najvišji odstotek preživetja je imel koprivovec (87 %). Pri gorskem javorju so se pokazale največje razlike v merjenih parametrih med bolj in manj produktivnim rastiščem med vsemi vrstami. V premenah bo predvidoma najuspešnejši graden, saj je pokazal veliko odpornost na lokalne sušne razmere. V splošnem so vse vrste, z izjemo navadne bukve, izkazale potencial za prihodnjo premeno borovih gozdov

Smernice za vrednotenje izvajalcev gozdarskih storitev : strokovna ocena MojGozdar

V zadnjih letih beležimo izrazito povečanje števila ponudnikov del v gozdarstvu (v nadaljevanju ponudniki), kar pomeni večjo konkurenco na trgu, a hkrati terja tudi razmislek o objektivni presoji kakovosti ponudnikov. Celostnega sistema objektivne presoje kakovosti ponudnikov v Sloveniji nimamo. Pri trajnostnem gospodarjenju z gozdovi veliko število ponudnikov ne sme biti edino gonilo za povečevanje konkurenčnosti sektorja. V tujini pa tudi pri nas ima merilo najnižje cene storitev vse pogosteje opraviti z vprašanji kakovosti izvedbe del, pri čemer pa se med merila kakovosti uvrščajo tako okoljski, socialni kot tudi poslovni vidiki odnosa med naročnikom in izvajalcem del

Fenologija razvoja listov navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica) na rastišču v Ljubljani v letu 2020

In spring of 2020 we observed leaf phenology in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Landscape Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia (46.05°N, 14.49°E, 310 m a.s.l.). A group of 11 trees was selected for daily monitoring of leaf development. We recorded seven phases from dormant buds, through leaf unfolding till development of mature leaves. At thesame time,photos were taken to illustrate the leaf development. First developing leaves were observed on 4 April in one tree. General leaf unfolding, as defined by International Phenological Gardens (IPG),was in different trees observed between 7 and 25 April 2020. Occurrence and duration of individualphases of leaf developmentshowed great variation within and between trees. General leaf unfolding of the tree included in long-term monitoring program of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO) occurred on DOY 105(14April 2020) which is 4days earlier then long-term averageof the same tree whichis ascribed to above average temperatures in winter of 2019/2020.V Krajinskem parku Tivoli,Rožnik in Šišenski hrib v Ljubljani (46,05°S, 14,49°V, 310 m n. m.) smo spomladi leta 2020 opazovali fenologijo razvoja listov odraslih dreves navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica). Izbrali smo skupino enajstih dreves za dnevno opazovanje,beleženje in fotografiranje razvoja listov. Razlikovali smo sedem faz od mirujočih brstov, preko različnih faz olistanja do zrelih listov. Prve razvijajoče se liste smo na enem drevesu opazili 4. aprila 2020. Fazo splošnega olistanja, kot jo določa metodologija Mednarodnih fenoloških vrtov,smo pri različnih drevesih beležili od 7. do 25. aprila 2020. Pri nastopu in trajanju različnih faz razvoja listov smo zabeležili velike razlike znotraj posameznega drevesa in med drevesi. Splošno olistanje pri drevesu, ki ga dolgotrajno opazuje Agencija RS za okolje (ARSO),je nastopilo na zaporedni dan 105(14. aprila 2020), kar je 4 dni prej kot kaže dolgoletno povprečje za isto drevo. Slednje pripisujemo nadpovprečno visokim temperaturam v zimi 2019/2020