Adolfo Tautavičiaus indėlis į baltų genčių etninės istorijos tyrimus

Am 10. August 2006 verloren wir den Dr. habil. Adolfas Tautavičius. Er war eine der hervorragendsten Persönlichkeiten in der litauischen Nachkriegsarchäologie. Es war ein Wissenschaftler enzyklopädischen Ausmaßes, der sich für mehrere Gebiete der Archäologie interessiert hatte.Adolfas Tautavičius wurde am 9. September 1925 in Judrėnai (Rayon Telšiai) geboren. Er lernte im Gymnasium von Telšiai, 1945 begann er die Ethnographie an der Historisch-philologischen Fakultät der Universität Vilnius zu studieren, sattelte später zur Archäologie um. 1950 beendete er das Studium mit Auszeichnung. 1954 verteidigte er die Doktorarbeit (damals: die Dissertation zum Erlangen des wissenschaftlichen Grades des Kandidaten der historischen Wissenschaft) zum Thema “Ostlitauen im 1.Jahrtausend u.Z.”. 1962 wurde er Leiter der Abteilung der Archäologie im Institut für Geschichte Litauens und bekleidete diesen Posten 25 Jahre lang bis 1987. 1988 entstand im Institut fur Geschichte Litauens eine Gruppe von Archäologen, um den Palast der litauischen Herrscher in Vilnius zu untersuchen. A. Tautavičius leitete die zentrale Gruppe der archäologischen Untersuchungen. 1997 hat er seine Monographie “Die mittlere Eisenzeit in Litauen (5.–9. Jh.)” als Habilitationsschrift vorgelegt. Im denselben Jahr wurde er zum Ehrendoktor der Akademie der Wissenschaften Lettlands gewählt. Den wesentlichen, wohl den bedeutendsten Teil seines wissenschaftlichen Lebens bilden die Untersuchungen der litauischen Ethnogenese.Manche Aspekte seiner wissenschaftlichen Aktivität wurden noch bei seinen Lebzeiten besprochen. Eine große Aufmerksamkeit den Werken und dem wissenschaftlichen Erbe von A. Tautavičius wird erst nach seinem Tode gewidmet.Am 4.–6. Oktober 2007 veranstaltete die Universität Vilnius ein Litauisch-lettisches Symposium zur Erinnerung an A. Tautavičius. Dieser Artikel gehört zu den Beiträgen jenes Symposiums. In diesem Artikel möchte ich nur einen kleinen Teil der Tätigkeit – die Untersuchungen der litauischen Ethnogenese – dieses hervorragenden Wissenschaftlers kurz beleuchten.Wie schon erwähnt, beendete A. Tautavičius mit Auszeichnung das Studium ander Universität Vilnius. 1951–1953 beteiligte er sich an den Ausgrabungen der Hügelgräber von Katkuškės, Didžiuliai, Dieveniškės, Paginiai (Borovka), Poškonys (alle befinden sich im Rayon Šalčininkai), von Kurganai (Varatniškės) und Padvariškė (im Rayon Trakai) sowie von Kapitoniškės. Es vergehen kaum vier Jahre, und da präsentiert er schon die Dissertation des Kandidaten der Wissenscaften Getzt sagen wir die Doktorarbeit) mit dem Titel “Ostlitauen im 1.Jahrtausend u.Z.”. Sowohl die Dissertation als auch das Ausgrabungsmaterial der Hügelgräber in Ostlitauen 1954–1959 wurde in der sowjetischen und litauischen archäologischen Presse veröffentlicht (Tautavičius, 1955; 1958; Таутавичюс, 1955; 1959). Die Untersuchungen der ostlitauischen Hügelgräberkultur wurden sofort sowohl in Litauen als auch im Ausland gut eingeschätzt. In seiner Dissertation und in den darauf folgenden Artikeln beleuchtete A. Tautavičius die Entwicklung der archäologischen Kulturen in Ostlitauen im ersten Jahrtausend u.Z. Eine besonders große Aufmerksamkeit wurde der Entstehung und der Entwicklung der ostlitauischen Hügelgräberkultur gewidmet. A. Tautavičius kehrte noch mehrmals zu der ethnokulturellen Situation in Ostlitauen zurück.Als eine neue Etappe in den Arbeiten zur Ethnogenese kann man die gemeinsame Arbeit “Grundzüge der Archäologie Litauens” betrachten, in der viele litauische archäologische Forschungsdaten verallgemeinert wurden (Kulikauskas, Kulikauskienė, Tautavičius, 1961). Bei der Verfassung dieser Arbeit kamen viele Lücken der archäologischen Untersuchungen in Litauen an den Tag.Danach folgte die Periode der Popularisierung der Archäologie. 1961–1972 erschienen mehrere Artikel in den populärwissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften wie “Mokslas ir gyvenimas” (“Wissenschaft und Leben”) sowie “Mūsų gamta” (“Unsere Natur”). 1966–1972 kam A. Tautavičius der Gedanke, alle Völker, die in Litauen gelebt hatten, zu beschreiben. Danach erschien eine ganze Reihe von Artikeln in der og. Zeitschrift “Mokslas ir gyvenimas” und Berichte über die Feldforschungen.Die Periode 1974–1978 zählt zu der wichtigsten Forschungsperiode von A. Tautavičius auf dem Gebiet der ethnischen Untersuchungen. In dieser Zeit erschienen auf Initiative von A. Tautavičius vier Bände des Werkes “Atlas der Archäologie der Litauischen SSR” (Lietuvos ... , 1975; 1977; 1978).1977 ist bedeutsam für die Untersuchungen der ethnischen Geschichte der Balten. In diesem Jahr fand in Riga die erste Konferenz zur ethnischen Geschichte der Balten statt. Sie wurden alle vier Jahre abwechselnd in Lettland und Litauen durchgeführt. Das achte Jahrzehnt gilt als die Blütezeit der Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der ethnischen Geschichte der Balten. Schon während der ersten Konferenz zur ethnischen Geschichte der Balten in Riga hat A. Tautavičius zwei Vorträge gehalten. Später nahm A. Tautavičius an den Konferenzen zur Ethnogenese der Balten nicht teil, immerhin beteiligte er sich an der Arbeit des Autorenkollektivs bei der Vorbereitung der Ausgabe von “Ethnogenese der Litauer” (Lietuvių..., 1987). Dieses Werk, an dem zehn Jahre lang gearbeitet wurde, erschien im Jahre 1987.A. Tautavičius setzte die Forschungen der etnischen Geschichte der Balten fort. Erneut erschienen einige populärwissenschaftliche Beiträge in der Gesellschaftszeitschrift “Mokslas ir gyvenimas” sowie in den “Kultūros barai” (“Arbeitsfelder der Kultur”). Es waren Artikel über die Lettgallen (Tautavičius, 1976), über die Balten als Nachbarn der Nordslawen (Tautavičius, 1979), über die Herkunft der Kuren (Tautavičius, 1985b) u.a.Mit der nationalen Erneuerungsbewegung verblassten die Forschungen über die etnische Geschichte der Balten. Es entstanden andere hehrere Desiderata. A. Tautavičius widmete sich der Erforschung und den Rekonstruktionsarbeiten der Unteren Burg von Vilnius. Ethnische Forschungen blieben nur als Hobby bestehen. Bis zu seinem Tod hat A. Tautavičius viel gearbeitet, indem er die Forschungen der Herkunft der Baltenstämme fortsetzte und sich ständig für dieses Thema interessierte.Es ist natürlich unmöglich, im Rahmen eines Artikels die Übersicht über die ganze Tätigkeit von A. Tautavičius auf dem Gebiet der Erforschung der ethnischen Geschichte der Balten zu geben. Er hat noch andere Beiträge zu diesem Thema veröffentlicht, die in diesem Artikel unbesichtigt blieben. Ich habe es mir nicht zum Ziel gestellt, alle Anschauungen von A. Tautavičius hinsichtlich einzelner archäologischer Kulturen oder der Herkunft, der Entwicklung und des Schicksals der Stämme zu beleuchten. Es lässt sich nur erwähnen, dass diese Anschauungen besonders klar in den og. Werken von A. Tautavičius, so in der “Ethnogenese der Litauer”, in der Monographie “Mittlere Eisenzeit in Litauen” (5.–9. Jh.) und in einer ganzen Reihe von populärwissenschaftlichen Beiträgen an den Tag gekommen sind

Mykolo Michelberto bibliografija (1961–2012)

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X- and Q-band EPR with cryogenic amplifiers independent of sample temperature

Inspired by the success of NMR cryoprobes, we recently reported a leap in X-band EPR sensitivity by equipping an ordinary EPR probehead with a cryogenic low-noise microwave amplifier placed closed to the sample in the same cryostat [Šimėnas et al. J. Magn. Reson. 322, 106876 (2021)]. Here, we explore, theoretically and experimentally, a more general approach, where the amplifier temperature is independent of the sample temperature. This approach brings a number of important advantages, enabling sensitivity improvement irrespective of sample temperature, as well as making it more practical to combine with ENDOR and Q-band resonators, where space in the sample cryostat is often limited. Our experimental realisation places the cryogenic preamplifier within an external closed-cycle cryostat, and we show CW and pulsed EPR and ENDOR sensitivity improvements at both X- and Q-bands with negligible dependence on sample temperature. The cryoprobe delivers signal-to-noise ratio enhancements that reduce the equivalent pulsed EPR measurement time by 16× at X-band and close to 5× at Q-band. Using the theoretical framework we discuss further improvements of this approach which could be used to achieve even greater sensitivity

Perpetės baltų kraštuose I tūkstantmečio viduryje

Research of the burial monuments of the mid-first millenium A.D. has lately produced substantially more data on Baltictype shoulder-straps which have not yet been widely described in the archeological literature. Although shoulder-straps were worn quite often and extensively in the old times, they are difficult to identify during archeological research. The design and the wearing style of these shoulder-straps is not clear. A belt put over the shoulder could be warn without a belt buckle. Therefore, such shoulder-straps were usually destroyed and could not be recorded archeologically. Archeologists often find just single belt buckles by the right shoulder of a body.The present article deals with only the most adorned and the most complicated type of shoulder-straps, i.e. shoulder-straps with an adornment on the front side which widens downwards and is made up of separate plates in the form of cones, rectangles, squares or trapezium, and a nozzle. Their origin and a more exact date has not been fully identified. All shoulder straps are different and made using different technology, style and ornaments.Shoulder-straps and battle knives-daggers are most often not found in their original places. However, during the exploration of grave No. 23 in the burial ground of Vidgiriai, the shoulder-strap was found in its original place. This made it possible to identify its purpose and wearing style. One more stimulus to gather data on them was a tendency observed in the article on sharp battle knives-daggers (V. Šimėnas, 1996) to put a battle knife-dagger along with a shoulder-strap into the grave; in those graves other shrouds of the same kind were found.Accumulation of these materials involved reviewing Lithuanian, Latvian and East Prussian archeological literature and archives of the main museums. Shoulder-straps have already caught the attention of museum experts and restorators. We have no doubts that shoulder-straps will be repeatedly investigated in various aspects in the future. This especially applies to their production technologies, jewelry making techniques and ornamentation. By 1995, four shoulder-straps had been preserved and reconstructed in Lithuania: from grave No. 23 of Vidgiriai, from grave No. 312 and No. 337 of Marvele, and from grave No. 50 of Plinkaigalis. The preservation and reconstruction of all above-said shoulder-straps was performed by G. Gleiznienė.The catalogue on shoulder-straps includes descriptions of 15 shoulder-straps from 7 burial grounds, sets of finds from the graves in which they were found as well as information on their preservation and restoration. The purpose of 8 more finds and the circumstances in which they were found are not quite clear, therefore, they are only mentioned in the article.It becomes evident from the catalogue that the design of individual shoulder-straps is similar but, nevertheless, has significant differences. The comparison of the shoulder-straps shows that each of them differs in its measurements, ornamentation or technological features. They are obviously done by different craftsmen and on individual orders.Shoulder-straps with numerous adornments are found only in the graves of well-off and rich male warriors. All the shoulder-straps discussed here were found together with a few pieces of jewelry which are easy to date. Table No. 3 contains all known sets of shrouds with shoulder-straps. The main task is to determine extreme limits for dating this group of items. Research has shown that shoulder straps could first appear at the turn of the C3-D period or at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century. According to the shroud sets, the earliest shoulder-straps can be identified as those from grave No. 13 of Kalniškiai and No. 47 and No. 56 from Žviliai grave. Chronological research shows that shoulder-straps were worn for a very short period of time, i.e. until the middle of the 6th century. This way, their dating has been made more accurate and detailed and they could become good chronological indicators. It is already becoming evident that the emergence of shoulder-straps could he dated to a later period and be linked with the emergence of a whole complex of new technologies.While charting places where shoulder-straps have been found, it becomes clear that they were common in a clearly defined area. This makes it possible to say that they most probably reflect certain ethnic processes. The map shows that shoulder-straps, like sharp battle knives-daggers are found by the Lithuanian seaside, by the River Nemunas up to the town of Kaunas, in the basin of the Nevėžis river and in the peninsula of Semland. These lands are situated closer to waterways (the see, the lagoon and the River Nemunas). There are no such shoulder-straps in Latvia and Northern and Eastern Lithuania and North East Poland.The issue of the emergence and origin of shoulder straps is rather problematic. Some researchers say that they are a local product, others believe that they were imported. In Western European archeological literature, opinion that shoulder-straps were an element of the armaments in the barbarian world most often prevails. Shoulder-straps could have originated on the border of the Barbarian and Roman Empire where barbarian and Roman elements of armaments clashed. The most probable region of this influence is the middle reaches of the River Danube and the coast of the Black Sea. The shoulder-straps discussed in the article must have originated locally, however their making technologies do not have local roots.Shoulder-straps can tell a lot about the social status of the people who we wearing them. Researchers have noticed that they are usually found in the graves of very rich horsemen warriors. Sets of shrouds show that these graves contain a lot of weapons and jewelry with the amplitude of silver items being the most prominent feature

Perpetės baltų kraštuose I tūkstantmečio viduryje

Research of the burial monuments of the mid-first millenium A.D. has lately produced substantially more data on Baltictype shoulder-straps which have not yet been widely described in the archeological literature. Although shoulder-straps were worn quite often and extensively in the old times, they are difficult to identify during archeological research. The design and the wearing style of these shoulder-straps is not clear. A belt put over the shoulder could be warn without a belt buckle. Therefore, such shoulder-straps were usually destroyed and could not be recorded archeologically. Archeologists often find just single belt buckles by the right shoulder of a body.The present article deals with only the most adorned and the most complicated type of shoulder-straps, i.e. shoulder-straps with an adornment on the front side which widens downwards and is made up of separate plates in the form of cones, rectangles, squares or trapezium, and a nozzle. Their origin and a more exact date has not been fully identified. All shoulder straps are different and made using different technology, style and ornaments.Shoulder-straps and battle knives-daggers are most often not found in their original places. However, during the exploration of grave No. 23 in the burial ground of Vidgiriai, the shoulder-strap was found in its original place. This made it possible to identify its purpose and wearing style. One more stimulus to gather data on them was a tendency observed in the article on sharp battle knives-daggers (V. Šimėnas, 1996) to put a battle knife-dagger along with a shoulder-strap into the grave; in those graves other shrouds of the same kind were found.Accumulation of these materials involved reviewing Lithuanian, Latvian and East Prussian archeological literature and archives of the main museums. Shoulder-straps have already caught the attention of museum experts and restorators. We have no doubts that shoulder-straps will be repeatedly investigated in various aspects in the future. This especially applies to their production technologies, jewelry making techniques and ornamentation. By 1995, four shoulder-straps had been preserved and reconstructed in Lithuania: from grave No. 23 of Vidgiriai, from grave No. 312 and No. 337 of Marvele, and from grave No. 50 of Plinkaigalis. The preservation and reconstruction of all above-said shoulder-straps was performed by G. Gleiznienė.The catalogue on shoulder-straps includes descriptions of 15 shoulder-straps from 7 burial grounds, sets of finds from the graves in which they were found as well as information on their preservation and restoration. The purpose of 8 more finds and the circumstances in which they were found are not quite clear, therefore, they are only mentioned in the article.It becomes evident from the catalogue that the design of individual shoulder-straps is similar but, nevertheless, has significant differences. The comparison of the shoulder-straps shows that each of them differs in its measurements, ornamentation or technological features. They are obviously done by different craftsmen and on individual orders.Shoulder-straps with numerous adornments are found only in the graves of well-off and rich male warriors. All the shoulder-straps discussed here were found together with a few pieces of jewelry which are easy to date. Table No. 3 contains all known sets of shrouds with shoulder-straps. The main task is to determine extreme limits for dating this group of items. Research has shown that shoulder straps could first appear at the turn of the C3-D period or at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century. According to the shroud sets, the earliest shoulder-straps can be identified as those from grave No. 13 of Kalniškiai and No. 47 and No. 56 from Žviliai grave. Chronological research shows that shoulder-straps were worn for a very short period of time, i.e. until the middle of the 6th century. This way, their dating has been made more accurate and detailed and they could become good chronological indicators. It is already becoming evident that the emergence of shoulder-straps could he dated to a later period and be linked with the emergence of a whole complex of new technologies.While charting places where shoulder-straps have been found, it becomes clear that they were common in a clearly defined area. This makes it possible to say that they most probably reflect certain ethnic processes. The map shows that shoulder-straps, like sharp battle knives-daggers are found by the Lithuanian seaside, by the River Nemunas up to the town of Kaunas, in the basin of the Nevėžis river and in the peninsula of Semland. These lands are situated closer to waterways (the see, the lagoon and the River Nemunas). There are no such shoulder-straps in Latvia and Northern and Eastern Lithuania and North East Poland.The issue of the emergence and origin of shoulder straps is rather problematic. Some researchers say that they are a local product, others believe that they were imported. In Western European archeological literature, opinion that shoulder-straps were an element of the armaments in the barbarian world most often prevails. Shoulder-straps could have originated on the border of the Barbarian and Roman Empire where barbarian and Roman elements of armaments clashed. The most probable region of this influence is the middle reaches of the River Danube and the coast of the Black Sea. The shoulder-straps discussed in the article must have originated locally, however their making technologies do not have local roots.Shoulder-straps can tell a lot about the social status of the people who we wearing them. Researchers have noticed that they are usually found in the graves of very rich horsemen warriors. Sets of shrouds show that these graves contain a lot of weapons and jewelry with the amplitude of silver items being the most prominent feature

Q-band EPR cryoprobe

Following the success of cryogenic EPR signal preamplification at X-band, we present a Q-band EPR cryoprobe compatible with a standard EPR resonator. The probehead is equipped with a cryogenic ultra low-noise microwave amplifier and its protection circuit that are placed close to the sample in the same cryostat. Our cryoprobe maintains the same sample access and tuning which is typical in Q-band EPR, as well as supports high-power pulsed experiments on typical samples. The performance of our setup is benchmarked against that of existing commercial and home-built Q-band spectrometers, using CW EPR and pulsed EPR/ENDOR experiments to reveal a significant sensitivity improvement which reduces the measurement time by a factor of about 40× at 6 K temperature at reduced power levels

Spin resonance linewidths of bismuth donors in silicon coupled to planar microresonators

Ensembles of bismuth donor spins in silicon are promising storage elements for microwave quantum memories due to their long coherence times which exceed seconds. Operating an efficient quantum memory requires achieving critical coupling between the spin ensemble and a suitable high-quality factor resonator -- this in turn requires a thorough understanding of the lineshapes for the relevant spin resonance transitions, particularly considering the influence of the resonator itself on line broadening. Here, we present pulsed electron spin resonance measurements of ensembles of bismuth donors in natural silicon, above which niobium superconducting resonators have been patterned. By studying spin transitions across a range of frequencies and fields we identify distinct line broadening mechanisms, and in particular those which can be suppressed by operating at magnetic-field-insensitive `clock transitions'. Given the donor concentrations and resonator used here, we measure a cooperativity $C\sim 0.2$ and based on our findings we discuss a route to achieve unit cooperativity, as required for a quantum memory

Near-Surface Te+ 125 Spins with Millisecond Coherence Lifetime

Impurity spins in crystal matrices are promising components in quantum technologies, particularly if they can maintain their spin properties when close to surfaces and material interfaces. Here, we investigate an attractive candidate for microwave-domain applications, the spins of group-VI Te+125 donors implanted into natural Si at depths as shallow as 20 nm. We show that surface band bending can be used to ionize such near-surface Te to spin-active Te+ state, and that optical illumination can be used further to control the Te donor charge state. We examine spin activation yield, spin linewidth, and relaxation (T1) and coherence times (T2) and show how a zero-field 3.5 GHz "clock transition"extends spin coherence times to over 1 ms, which is about an order of magnitude longer than other near-surface spin systems