Exploring anxiety levels in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: Turkey sample

As in the whole world, the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic poses many threats to healthcare workers in our country too, which leads to anxiety in healthcare workers. This study was conducted to explore the anxiety levels of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is a cross-sectional study. The population consisted of health care workers employed in hospitals in seven regions in Turkey. All volunteer healthcare workers were included in the study, and 356 healthcare workers responded to the questionnaire. The data were collected using the State Anxiety Inventory and a questionnaire created by the researchers using an online questionnaire between 10 May 2020 and 15 May 2020. In the evaluation of the data, mean, standard deviation, percentages, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used. 33% of healthcare workers did not have anxiety, 50% had mild, and 17% had severe anxiety. The anxiety scores of those who were nurses (p < 0.001), who were working in the emergency room (p < 0.001), who were involved in treatment for COVID-19 patients (p = 0.040), who left their homes to prevent transmission to their families and relatives during the pandemic (p = 0.038), and whose working hours had changed (p = 0.036) were found to be significantly higher. It was observed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the fear of death and disease transmission, uncertainty, loneliness, anger, and hopelessness, and anxiety levels in healthcare workers. The main factors that significantly affected the anxiety levels of healthcare workers were male gender, weekly working hours, the presence of chronic diseases, and feelings of anger and uncertainty. In conclusion, during the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers experienced some negative emotions, their anxiety levels increased, and they were psychologically affected. Planning psychosocial interventions for healthcare workers in the high-risk group will make significant contributions to the health system

Exposição ao campo eletromagnético, comportamentos de uso de telefones celulares, valores SAR mudanças na saúde após exposição em estudantes universitários adolescentes

Background: The use of technological devices is growing rapidly, and the use of cell phones increases in parallel. Dependence on technological devices is a particular factor in this increased exposure. Many studies have been performed on this electromagnetic field, but no definite conclusions have been drawn. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate exposure to electromagnetic field, cell phone use behaviors, the specific absorption rate (SAR) values, and changes in health occurring after exposure in university students. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 1,019 volunteer students aged 18-24 years at the Nigde Omer Halisdemir and Recep Tayip Erdogan Universities in 2018-2019. The questions were based on a survey of the literature. Results: The students spent an average 4-8 hours per day on their cell phones, and findings such as headache (p=0.002), concentration deficit (p=0.001), tiredness on waking in the morning ( p=0.001), hyperactivity (p=0.001), general feeling of fatigue (p=0.001), and lethargy (p=0.001) increased in a statistically significant manner with length of use. Conclusions: Participants exhibited high levels of cell phone use and experienced biological, behavioral, and sleep problems. They also had very little knowledge about specific SAR values, an important criterion concerning cell phones.RESUMO Introdução: O uso de dispositivos tecnológicos está crescendo rapidamente e o uso de telefone celulares aumenta em paralelo. A dependência de dispositivos tecnológicos é um fator nesse aumento de exposição. Diversos estudos sobre o campo eletromagnético foram realizados, mas nenhuma conclusão definitiva foi alcançada. Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a exposição ao campo eletromagnético, os comportamentos de uso do telefone celular, os valores de absorção específica (specific absorption rate — SAR) dos telefones celulares utilizados e as alterações na saúde ocorridas após a exposição em adolescentes universitários. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado a 1.019 alunos voluntários com idades entre 18–24 anos nas universidades Niğde Ömer Halisdemir e Recep Tayip Erdoğan em 2018–2019. As perguntas foram baseadas em um levantamento bibliográfico. Resultados: Os estudantes gastaram em média 4–8 horas por dia em seus celulares, e achados como cefaleia (p=0,002), dificuldade de concentração (p=0,001), cansaço ao acordar pela manhã (p=0,001), hiperatividade (p=0,001), sensação geral de fadiga (p=0,001) e letargia (p=0,001) aumentaram de forma estatisticamente significativa com o tempo de uso. Conclusões: Os participantes exibiram altos níveis de uso de telefone celular e problemas biológicos, comportamentais e de sono. Eles também tinham pouco conhecimento sobre valores específicos de SAR, um critério importante para telefones celulares

Views and anxiety levels of university students regarding distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic

This study was conducted to identify the views and anxiety levels of university students regarding distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic. The population of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of the students studying at seven health-related departments at two state universities in Turkey. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). The results revealed that 50.2% of the students were first-year students, 30% were studying at the first and emergency aid program, 79.3% had a medium-income level, 50.1% lived in a metropolitan area, and 83% had a nuclear family. 50.9% of the students were satisfied with the distance education system, 52.1% found the lessons given through the distance education method partially understandable, 46.7% found the lecturing styles partially plain and understandable, and 72.7% had exam anxiety. The SAI score of the students was found to be 59.0 +/- 5.30 (range 29-73), and 52.8% of them had a moderate anxiety level. While the level of anxiety in students varied significantly according to gender, department, and family income, no significant difference was found among the participants in terms of age, year of study, family type, place of residence, and the presence of chronic and psychological illnesses. The anxiety scores of those who were not satisfied with the distance education, who experienced exam anxiety, who understood the online lessons partially, and who attended the lessons were found to be significantly higher. The study demonstrated that university students experienced anxiety about distance education and exams during the Covid-19 pandemic

Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin tamamlayıcı sağlık yaklaşımları konusunda bilgi, tutum ve uygulamaları

ABS TRACT Objective: The descriptive study was conducted to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of nursing students when it comes to complementary health approaches (CHA). Material and Methods: The study was conducted with 264 nursing students who were studying at Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Health School in Turkey. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the director of the college, students and ethics committee. Descriptive statistical methods were used. Percentage and frequency values were given as descriptive statistics. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between numerical variables not showing normal distribution. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The most common CHA were praying, exercising and imagery therapy. One third of the nursing students had received information about CHA. Students stated internet, TV, newspapers, magazines, books and family, respectively as information sources. Additionally, nearly half of the nursing students stated that they have used CHA. The most frequently used CHA by students was praying. About half of the students used CHA in stress situations. Most of the students stated that massage was useful. Three fourth of the students reported that CHA positively affected one’s psychology and recovery. There was a statistically significant difference between students’ class and use of CHA (p<0.05). A weak positive correlation was found between the status of nursing students benefiting from CHA and recommending CHA (r=0.169; p=0.038), and a positive correlation was found between the knowledge levels of CHA and recommending CHA (r=0.193; p=0.029) and benefitting from CHA (r=0.985; p=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it was determined that nursing students had a generally positive attitude about CHA but their knowledge level and practices related to CHA were insufficient; however, a positive relationship was found between students' levels of knowledge about CHA and their recommending and benefiting status of CHA.Amaç: Bu tanımlayıcı çalışma, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin tamamlayıcı sağlık yaklaşımları (TSY) konusunda bilgi, tutum ve uygulamalarını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirildi. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma, Türkiye’de Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Sağlık Yüksekokulu’ndaki 264 hemşirelik öğrencisiyle yapıldı. Çalışmanın yapılabilmesi için öğrencilerden, okul yöneticisinden ve etik kuruldan izin alındı. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler olarak yüzde ve frekans değerleri verilmiştir. Normal dağılım göstermeyen sayısal değişkenler arasındaki ilişki ise Spearman korelasyon katsayısı ile değerlendirildi. p<0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. Bulgular: Dua, egzersiz ve hayal kurma en sık bilinen TSY idi. Öğrencilerin, üçte biri TSY hakkında bilgi aldıklarını ifade etti. Öğrenciler bilgi kaynaklarının sırasıyla internet, TV, gazete, dergi ve kitap olduğunu belirttiler. Öğrencilerin, yaklaşık yarısı TSY kullandıklarını belirtti. Öğrencilerin en sık kullandığı TSY dua idi. Öğrencilerin, yarıdan fazlası stresli durumlarda TSY’yi kullanmaktadır. Öğrencilerin çoğunluğu masajın yararlı olduğunu ifade etti. Öğrencilerin dörtte üçü TSY’nin bireyin psikolojisini ve iyileşmesini pozitif yönde etkilediğini belirttiler. Öğrencilerin, öğrenim gördükleri sınıflar ile TSY kullanma durumu arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p<0,05). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin, TSY’den yarar sağlama ve TSY’yi tavsiye etme durumları arasında (r=0,169; p=0,038) pozitif yönde zayıf bir ilişki olduğu ve TSY hakkında bilgi düzeyi ile TSY’yi tavsiye etme (r=0,193; p=0,029) ve TSY’den yarar sağlama (r=0,985; p=0,001) durumları arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre hemşirelik öğrencilerinin, TSY hakkında genelde olumlu tutuma sahip olduğu, konuya ilişkin bilgi ve uygulamalarının yetersiz olduğu ancak öğrencilerin TSY hakkındaki bilgi düzeyi ile tavsiye etme ve yarar sağlama durumları arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu bulundu

Anxiety, motivation, stress levels and associated factors among university students in the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic affects society seriously in terms of psychosocial aspects, but this effect is more intense on some specific population groups. University students are among the most affected population groups by the pandemic. This study was conducted to determine the anxiety, motivation, stress levels, and associated factors among health science students during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of students studying at health-related departments in three universities in Turkey. The data were collected from 855 students determined by the stratified sampling method using the online survey method. A questionnaire developed by the researchers and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to collect the data. Percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, One-Way ANOVA test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis were performed to evaluate the data. RESULTS: The results revealed that the mean age of the students was 20.85±2.37 years (min: 18; max: 41), 80.5% were women, 38.0% were nursing students, 13.7% had a family member with the diagnosis of COVID-19. The BAI mean score was found to be 29.00±7.8. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, the factors affecting students’ anxiety scores significantly were being female, impaired sleep and nutrition patterns, decreased motivation, increased stress level and having a family member with the diagnosis of COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Health science students experience severe anxiety due to COVID-19 pandemic and have moderate motivation and stress scores. Being a woman, having impaired sleep and nutrition patterns, reduced motivation, increased stress level and a family member diagnosed with COVID-19 are factors influencing the level of anxiety

Disease and treatment experiences of COVID-19 patients: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND/AIMS The study aimed to explore the perceptions of hospitalized COVID-19 patients' experiences regarding the disease and treatment process. MATERIAL and METHODS The study was carried out as qualitative research at a hospital in Turkey between June 17, 2020 and July 7, 2020. The sample consisted of eight COVID-19 patients hospitalized in service after intensive care treatment. The data were collected through an in-depth individual interview form. Each interview was transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was performed. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was followed. RESULTS Three main themes were identified for patients' perceptions of the disease experiences and treatment process. The patients experienced negative emotions after being diagnosed with COVID-19, and they spent the isolation and treatment process communicating with their beloved ones over the phone, watching television, and praying. Having an infectious disease caused them to have anxiety and sadness, and they reported satisfaction with the physicians and nurses during the treatment process. CONCLUSION Psychological and sociocultural factors, religious values, and health policies can be effective in patients' perception of disease and treatment. It is recommended for healthcare professionals to be aware of the psychosocial problems of the hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the disease and treatment process, monitor them for post-traumatic stress disorder, and provide the necessary support

Investigation of Nasal Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthcare workers

Bu çalışma, sağlık çalışanlarında nazal metisiline dirençli staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) taşıyıcılığının araştırılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinin farklı kliniklerinde çalışan sağlık çalışanlarından nazal sürüntü örnekleri alınmıştır (n=414). Sağlık çalışanlarından alınan örnekler %5 koyun kanlı agara azaltma yöntemi ile ekilmiş, kuşkulanılan kolonilerden gram boyama yapılmıştır. S. aureus suşlarını belirlemek için plazma koagülaz testi yapılmış, metisilin direnci agar tarama yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Metisilin direnci olan suşlarda kromozomal kaset tipleri (SCCmec gen kompleksi) polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) yöntemleriyle araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, doğrulamak amacıyla bu izolatlarda PCR yöntemiyle mecA geni bakılmıştır. Sürekli değişkenler ortalama±standart sapma ve kategorik değişkenler sayı ve yüzde olarak ifade edilmiştir. Kategorik değişkenler arasındaki farklılıkların incelenmesinde ise Ki kare analizi kullanılmıştır. Tüm analizlerde p<0,05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Çalışmada 414 sağlık çalışanının nazal sürüntü örneklerinden 34’ünde (%8.2) S. Aureus ve bunların 11’inde (%32.3) MRSA izole edildi. MRSA suşunun 7’si (%63.7) tip IV ve 1’i (%9.1) tip I olarak saptandı. Diğer 3’ünde (%27.2) MRSA suşu mecA geni pozitif olmasına karşın mevcut SCCmec tipleri arasında sınıflandırılamadı. Çalışma sonucunda, sağlık çalışanlarında MRSA taşıyıcılığı oranları Türkiye verilerine benzerdir. İzolatlarda baskın olarak SCCmec tip IV saptanmasından dolayı hastanemizde MRSA taşıyıcılığının daha çok toplum kökenli olduğu kanaati oluşsa da bir katılımcı SCCmec tip I saptanması, hastane kökenli suşların da bulunduğunu ve yayılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu veriler doğrultusunda, taşıyıcı sağlık çalışanlarının saptanması, eğitimi, kontrolü ve bunların daha az hasta temasını gerektiren yerlerde istihdam edilmesi göz önünde bulundurulması gereken önemli yaklaşımlardır.This study aims to investigate nasal methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthcare workers. For the study, nasal swab samples were taken from healthcare workers working in various clinics of a training and research hospital (n=414). Samples from healthcare workers were inoculated on 5% sheep blood agar with a reduction method, and gram staining was performed on suspected colonies. A plasma coagulase test was performed to determine S. aureus strains, and methicillin resistance was determined by the agar screening method. Chromosomal cassette types (SCCmec gene complex) in methicillin-resistant strains were explored with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Besides, the mecA gene was analyzed by PCR method in these isolates for verification. Continuous variables were presented as mean±standard deviation and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. Chi-square analysis was used to examine the differences between categorical variables. In all analyzes, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. S. Aureus was isolated in 34 (8.2%) of the nasal swab samples of 414 healthcare workers, and MRSA was isolated in 11 (32.3%) of them. 7 (63.7%) of the MRSA strain were the type IV, and 1 (9.1%) was the type I. Although the other 3 (27.2%) had the mecA gene-positive, the MRSA strain could not be classified among the existing SCCmec types. The study revealed that the carriage ratio of MRSA in our hospital health workers is similar to general data in Turkey. Since SCCmec type IV is predominantly detected in the isolates, it has been concluded that MRSA carriage is mostly community-acquired in our hospital, but the detection of SCCmec type I in one employee also indicates the possibility of the presence of hospital-acquired strains, and their spread. In the light of these data, the identification, training and control of carrier personnel and their employment in units requiring less patient contact will be beneficial approaches to consider

Hemşirelik bölümünde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin mahremiyet bilinci

Objective: This study was conducted in a descriptive design type to determine the privacy awareness of nursing students and associated factors. Material and Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 490 nursing students studying in Gümüşhane University Health Sciences Faculty Nursing Department and Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Health Sciences Faculty Nursing Department. The data were collected with the questionnaire developed by the researchers and the Patient Privacy Scale. To evaluate the data, continuous variables were expressed as mean, standard deviation, median (25th-75th percentile), and categorical variables as numbers (percent). A comparison of variables that did not show normal distribution between groups was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U test, KruskalWallis, Post-Hoc Tukey test and the relationship between numerical variables was evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis. Results: The study revealed that gender, place of residence, and education on privacy were the factors affecting privacy awareness. The reasons for the violation of privacy were determined as "careless work of nurses", "heavy workload of nurses", "environmental deficiencies", and "emergencies". The privacy scale scores of the students who chose 'emergencies' as the factor causing privacy violation were found significantly high in the confidentiality of private life (p=0.021), sexual privacy (p=0.014), physical privacy (p=0.039), ensuring a favorable environment (p=0.014), and privacy scale scores (p=0.007). Conclusion: It was found that the students had high scores on privacy, and patient privacy was affected by the students’ level of knowledge about gender, privacy, and place of residence. We suggest that training for privacy practices should be repeated at regular intervals when students start the profession.Amaç: Bu çalışma, hemşirelik bölümünde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin mahremiyet bilincini ve bununla ilişkili faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı tipte yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı türdeki araştırmanın örneklemini Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Bölümü ve Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Bölümünde öğrenim gören 490 öğrenci oluşturdu. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen soru formu ve Hasta Mahremiyet Ölçeği ile toplandı. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde, sürekli değişkenler ortalama, standart sapma, medyan (25-75. persentil), kategorik değişkenler ise sayı (yüzde) olarak ifade edildi. Gruplar arasında normal dağılım göstermeyen değişkenlerin karşılaştırılması Mann-Whitney U testi, Kruskal-Wallis test, “post-hoc” Tukey testi ve sayısal değişkenler arasındaki ilişki ise Spearman korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Cinsiyet, yaşanılan yer ve mahremiyet ile ilgili eğitim alma durumu mahremiyet bilincini etkileyen faktörler olduğu görüldü. Mahremiyet ihlalinin nedeni “hemşirelerin dikkatsiz çalışması”, “hemşirelerin iş yükünün fazla olması”, “ortamdan kaynaklanan eksiklikler” ve “acil durumların olması” olarak belirlendi. Mahremiyet ihlaline neden olan faktörlerden “acil durumların olmasını” belirten öğrencilerin özel hayatın gizliliği (p=0,021), cinsiyete ilişkin mahremiyet (p=0,014), bedensel mahremiyet (p=0,039), uygun ortam oluşturma (p=0,014) ve mahremiyet ölçeği puanlarının (p=0,007) anlamlı olarak yüksek olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin mahremiyete yönelik puanlarının yüksek olduğu, hasta mahremiyetinin cinsiyet, yaşanılan yer ve öğrencilerin hasta mahremiyeti hakkındaki bilgi düzeyinden etkilendiği görülmüştür. Meslek hayatına geçildiğinde mahremiyet uygulamalarına yönelik eğitimlerin aralıklı olarak tekrarlanması gerektiğini önermekteyi

Nursing students the attitude towards e-learning scale: A methodological study

Amaç: Günümüzde sürekli gelişen bilgi ve teknolojilerin eğitim alanı etkilemesi sonucu e-öğrenme (elektronik öğrenme) ortamına duyulan ilgi ve ihtiyaç her geçen gün artmaktadır. E- öğrenmede öğrenci tutumları öğrenmenin etkinliğini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşirelik öğrencilerinde “E-Öğrenmeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği”ni Türkçeye uyarlamak ve geçerlik güvenirlik çalışmasını yapmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Metodolojik desende olan bu çalışma, 200 hemşirelik öğrencisi ile yapılmıştır. Veriler, Google Formlar üzerinden hazırlanan veri toplama formları ile 15-30 Nisan 2021 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Ölçek 9 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde uzman görüşüne dayalı kapsam geçerliği, açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve iç tutarlılık analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan E-Öğrenmeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği maddelerine ilişkin faktör yükleri 0,621 ve 0,859 arasında değişmektedir. Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı 0,913 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 0,911 ve Bartlett küresellik testi p<0,001 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin tek faktörden oluştuğu ve iyi bir model uyumu gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Ölçek öğrencilerin e-öğrenmeye ilişkin tutumlarının %60,61’ini açıklamaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde uyum indeksleri yaklaşık hataların ortalama karekökü=0,073, χ2 /df=2,047 ve karşılaştırmalı uyum indeksi=0,970 olup ölçeğin iyi uyum düzeyinde olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: E-Öğrenmeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği, hemşirelik öğrencilerinde “e-öğrenme tutumunu” değerlendiren araştırmalarda kullanılabilir. Hemşirelik öğrencileriyle yapılan e-öğrenmeye yönelik bu çalışmanın, farklı öğrenci gruplarıyla tekrarlanması e-öğrenmeye önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.Objective: Today, as a result of the constantly developing information and technologies affecting the field of education, the interest and need for e-learning (electronic learning) environment is increasing day by day. Student attitudes in e-learning directly affect the effectiveness of learning. The aim of this study was to adapt the “Attitude Towards E-Learning Scale” into Turkish and perform its validity and reliability study for nursing students. Material and Methods: This study, which has a methodological design, was conducted with 200 nursing students. The data were collected between 15-30 April 2021 using the data collection form prepared on Google Forms. The scale consists of 9 items. In the evaluation of the data, content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency analysis were performed based on expert opinion. Results: The factor loadings of the Attitude Towards E-Learning Scale items for which validity and reliability studies were conducted vary between 0.621 and 0.859. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was found to be 0.913, a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.911, and Bartlett’s test for sphericity was p<0.001. Factor analysis demonstrated that the scale consisted of a single factor and showed a good model fit. The scale explains 60.61% of students’ attitudes towards e-learning. In confirmatory factor analysis, fit indices were found to be root mean square error of approximation=0.073, χ2 /df=2.047, and comparative fit index=0.970, showing that the scale was at a good fit level. Conclusion: The study revealed that the Attitude Towards E-Learning Scale can be used in studies evaluating the “e-learning attitudes” of nursing students. It is thought that repeating this study on e-learning with nursing students with different student groups will make important contributions to e-learning

The effects of foot reflexology upon pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction among patients having undergone open-heart surgery

This interventional study was conducted to analyze the effects of foot reflexology intervention upon patients having undergone an open-heart surgery on their pain, anxiety, and satisfaction level. This research was conducted with 70 patients having undergone open-heart surgery in the cardiovascular surgery clinic of a Turkish hospital. Thirty-five patients were assigned to a test group, and 35 patients were assigned to a control group. In this research, patients in the test group were reported to have a statistically significant decrease in the mean scores of the visual analog scale when compared with the scores of patients in the control group (p[removed]0.05) was measured between the mean scores of the state-trait anxiety inventory and the visual analog scale of patient satisfaction completed by patients in the test and control groups, it was also noted that both groups were exceptionally satisfied. The findings of this research can be utilized to alleviate pain, lessen patients' anxiety levels during the post-operation phase, and elevate patient satisfaction levels