Defect types.

This chapter provides an overview of the common types of defects found in various structural materials and joints in aircraft. Materials manufacturing methods (including large-scale production) have been established in the aircraft industry. However, as will be seen in this chapter, manufacturing defects and defects during in-service conditions are very common across all material types. The structural material types include metals, composites, coatings, adhesively bonded and stir-welded joints. This chapter describes the defect types as a baseline for the description of their detection with the methods of Chap. 5 to 8. Based on the understanding of the defect types, there is great expectation for a technical breakthrough for the application of structural health monitoring (SHM) damage detection systems, where continuous monitoring and assessment with high throughput and yield will produce the desired structural integrity

The latest advances in wireless communication in aviation, wind turbines and bridges

Present-day technologies used in SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) systems in many implementations are based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). In the context of the continuous development of these systems, the costs of the elements that form the monitoring system are decreasing. In this situation, the challenge is to select the optimal number of sensors and the network architecture, depending on the wireless system’s other parameters and requirements. It is a challenging task for WSN to provide scalability to cover a large area, fault tolerance, transmission reliability, and energy efficiency when no events are detected. In this article, fundamental issues concerning wireless communication in structural health monitoring systems (SHM) in the context of non-destructive testing sensors (NDT) were presented. Wireless technology developments in several crucial areas were also presented, and these include engineering facilities such as aviation and wind turbine systems as well as bridges and associated engineering facilities

Metal Forming of Magnesium Alloys for Various Applications

The chapter presents an analysis of selected magnesium alloys as structural materials to be used in production of parts as well as their technological parameters in some manufacturing processes: metal forming and joining. Taking into account the analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of conventional and new magnesium alloys and requirements of their possible applications (aviation, automotive, sport, etc.), the study of forming parts/products based on description of plastic formability of magnesium alloys in the processes of bulk metal forming (forging, extrusion, KOBO extrusion, rolling) and joining (friction stir welding) has been presented. Upsetting test, backward extrusion, and KOBO extrusion of complex cross-sectional profiles and forging process were conducted using magnesium alloys such as AZ31, AZ61, AZ80, WE 43, and Mg alloy with Li for the production of thin-walled profiles and forged parts. The range of temperatures and extrusion rate for manufacturing of these profiles were determined. Tests also covered the analysis of microstructure of Mg alloys in the initial state as well as after the extrusion process. The recommendations for realization of metal forming and joining processes of selected magnesium alloys have been presented

The Latest Advances in Wireless Communication in Aviation, Wind Turbines and Bridges

Present-day technologies used in SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) systems in many implementations are based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). In the context of the continuous development of these systems, the costs of the elements that form the monitoring system are decreasing. In this situation, the challenge is to select the optimal number of sensors and the network architecture, depending on the wireless system’s other parameters and requirements. It is a challenging task for WSN to provide scalability to cover a large area, fault tolerance, transmission reliability, and energy efficiency when no events are detected. In this article, fundamental issues concerning wireless communication in structural health monitoring systems (SHM) in the context of non-destructive testing sensors (NDT) were presented. Wireless technology developments in several crucial areas were also presented, and these include engineering facilities such as aviation and wind turbine systems as well as bridges and associated engineering facilities

Characteristics of plasticity and microstructure of hot forming magnesium alloys Mg-Al-Zn type

The paper presents analysis of plasticity characteristics and microstructure of magnesium alloys for hot plastic treatment with different aluminium content (3÷8%). Tests were conducted for assessment of susceptibility of tested alloys to hot plastic deformation. A tensile test was run in temperature from 250 to 450°C. Based on the results, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and reduction of area (Z) were determined for samples. Conducted compression tests allowed to specify the flow stress and microstructure changes after deformation. The activation energy in hot forming was determined for investigated alloys. The parameters of the process where flow is significantly influenced by twin formation in microstructure were determined. A varied plasticity of tested alloys was found depending on aluminium content. Test results will be useful in development of forging technology of selected construction elements which serve as light substitutes for currently used materials.Web of Science58115615