RESEARCH REVIEW OF SIX GRAPE VARIETIES IN ISTRA

Danas u Istri nema matičnih nasada starih, autohtonih sorata vinove loze podignutih sukladno važećim zakonskim propisima. U novo posađenim vinogradima koriste se klonovi koji nisu selekcionirani u hrvatskoj nego u inozemnim rasadnicima, posljedica toga je uniformnost sorata i vinogradarske proizvodnje. S ciljem očuvanja tipičnosti vinogradarsko-vinarske proizvodnje u Istri, tijekom 2003. godine pokrenuta je znanstveno-istraživačka aktivnost s ciljem identifikacije i očuvanja autohtonih sorata u Istri, te podizanje matičnih nasada starih sorata. Od početka istraživanja pregledano je nekoliko desetaka starih vinograda diljem cijelog Istarskog poluotoka, u svrhu pronalaženja trsova starih sorata. Na temelju prikupljenih podataka, izdvojeno je tridesetak nasada u kojima je ukupno označeno niz biotipova različitih starih sorata vinove loze. Označeni su sljedeći biotipovi, bijele sorte: Guštana, Malvazija istarska bijela, Pergola, Puškavac bijeli, i crne sorte: Bontempo crni, Manjakan. Izvršena je klasifikacija prema OIV kriterijima te sanitarna kontrola na prisutnost virusa.Today in Istria there are no matriculair plantations of old autochthonous cultivars. Therefore the plantation of vineyards depends upon foreign nursery’s. In new vineyard plantations clones not selected in Croatia are planted what causes variety and grape production uniformity. Because of large consequences that clone selection has on viticulture production a scientific research activity was started with in order to identify and preserve autochthonous varieties in Istra, and establishing matriculair plantations of old varieties. Research started in 2003., in about fifty vineyards throughout Istria peninsula. We detected old varieties wine stocks. Based upon gathered material we separated several vineyards with different biotypes of different grape varieties. Marked biotypes were as folowing white ones: Guštana, Malvazija istarska bijela, Pergola, Puškavac bijeli, and black ones; Bontempo crni, Borgonja, Hrvatica, Manjakan. Viticultural features were measured according to OIV indicators and sanitary control was pursued to viruses’ presence

Sparkling Wines in Function of Viticultural Development and Table Culture in the Republic of Croatia

Tehnologija proizvodnje prirodnih pjenušavih vina metodom vrenja u boci predstavlja najzahtjevniju tehnologiju u vinarskoj proizvodnji. Za proizvodnju pjenušaca upotrebljavaju se standardne svjetske sorte: Chardonnay, Pinot crni i Pinot Meunier u Champagni (Francuska), dok se u ostalim dijelovima svijeta, osim ovih koriste i brojne druge, vrlo često i autohtone sorte. Potrošnja pjenušavih vina u svijetu i u EU, bitna je kako količinski, tako još više vrijednosno i u stalnom je porastu, dok je u Republici Hrvatskoj ona još uvijek skromna i količinski i vrijednosno, ali ima trend stalnog rasta. Posljednjih godina broj proizvođača pjenušavih vina u velikom je porastu u svim vinogradarskim krajevima Hrvatske. Potrošnja tih vina u Hrvatskoj je daleko ispod potreba kod domaćih potrošača, ali i mogućnosti ponude u turizmu. Postojeća mala potrošnja trenutno se većim dijelom bazira na jeftinijim i po kvaliteti skromnim pjenušcima i gaziranim vinima iz uvoza. Kultura pijenja kvalitetnih pjenušavih vina sastavni je dio kulture stola i življenja u razvijenim zemljama. Za očekivati je da će i u Hrvatskoj s podizanjem životnog standarda stanovništva i podizanjem kvalitete ugostiteljsko-turističkih usluga bitno rasti i potrošnja kvalitetnih pjenušavih vina. Zato se može tvrditi da u Hrvatskoj neće ni biti velikog napretka u razvoju vinarstva, bez segmenta potrošnje kvalitetnih pjenušavih vina, što otvara veliku razvojnu perspektivu i domaćim proizvođačima.The sparkling wines production technology based on the champagne method of fermentation in the bottle is top technology in wine production. For the production of sparkling wines, standard worldwide varieties such as Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier (in Champagne, France) are used, while in other parts of the world, besides them, a number of local varieties are used as well. The consumption of sparkling wines worldwide and in the EU is important in quantity and even more in quality, and is steadily growing, while in Croatia, the consumption is still modest in terms of quantity and quality, but with rising trends. During the recent years, the number of the producers of sparkling wines in all viticultural regions of Croatia is on the rise. The consumption of these wines in Croatia is far below the needs and possibilities of the local inhabitants, as well as in tourist offer. The existing low power of consumption is currently based on cheap and lower-quality foreign sparkling wines. The culture of drinking quality sparkling wines is a part of table culture and living standard in developed countries. It is to be expected that the rise of living standard in Croatia and the rise of the quality of gastronomy offer will enhance the consumption of quality sparkling wines. Therefore, we can claim that the consumption of sparkling wines will open a great development perspective for viticulture and domestic producers

Biodiversity of Malvazija Istarska bijela measured by oiv parameters

U sklopu znanstvenog projekta Genetski i gospodarski resursi Vitis sp. i banka gena (šifra 0147001) u Institutu za poljoprivredu i turizam provode se dugoročna istraživanja i aktivnosti usmjerene ka očuvanju i valorizaciji autohtonih sorti vinove loze u Istri. To uključuje stvaranje baze podataka, terenski rad (morfološka mjerenja), laboratorijske analize (kemijske, sanitarne i genetičke), te u konačnici podizanje predmatičnih i matičnih nasada. Godine 2004. istražili smo 16 sorata, odnosno 76 biotipova vinove loze, a 2005. istraženo je 10 sorata i 75 biotipova vinove loze. Sakupljanje podataka, obilježavanja trseva i morfološka mjerenja su izvršena, a i laboratorijske pretrage su u tijeku. U ovom radu prikazana su istraživanja na sorti Malvazija Istarska bijela i njenim potencijalnim biotipovima na četiri lokacije.In the framework of a scientific project \u27\u27Genetski i gospodarski resursi Vitis sp. i banka gena\u27\u27 (code 0147001) in the institute of Agriculture and Tourism long term research activities have an aim to preserve and value autochtonious varieties of grapes in Istra. This goal includes a data base, field work (morphologic measures), lab anlalysis (chemical, sanitary and genetic) and finnaly setting up pomother and nother plantations. In 2004. we have researched 16 grape varieties, respectively 76 biotypes, and in 2005. 10 grape varieties and 75 biotypes. The majority of field work - data colecting, grapevines labelling, morphological measuring and lab testings is done. This paper presents results of research on Malvazija Istarska bijela grape variety on four locations

Utjecaj različitih postupaka maceracije na aromatski profil rosé i crnih vina hrvatske aromatične sorte grožđa Muškat ruža porečki (Vitis vinifera L.)

The influence of different grape mash maceration treatments on the varietal and secondary aroma profiles of wines produced from an aromatic red grape variety, Muškat ruža porečki, have been investigated. Two essentially different techniques were applied, fermentative maceration at room temperature and prefermentative cryomaceration, both in durations of one, three and five days. Generally, higher concentrations of free and bound varietal aroma compounds were found in wines obtained by maceration at room temperature in relation to cryomaceration. Regarding the effect of the duration of maceration, the highest concentrations were determined in wines obtained by three-day maceration treatments, in both fermentative and cryomaceration treatments. Secondary aroma compounds followed a less uniform pattern. The compounds with the highest odour unit values in all investigated wines were linalool, citronellol, geraniol, β-damascenone, β-ionone, isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and diethyl succinate. It has been shown that Muškat ruža porečki is an aromatic variety, producing wines with notable monoterpenol fraction, which are characterized by a typical varietal Muscat aroma with a dominant rose odour accompanied by red fruit nuances. Sensorially, longer maceration treatments improved odour and overall wine quality, together with the intensity and recognisability of varietal Muscat aroma, while short-term cryomaceration emerged as a preferable technique for the production of light rosé wines with pronounced Muscat aroma and low phenolic content. The presented maceration techniques were shown to be applicable for the production of different types of Muškat ruža porečki rosé and red wines.U radu je istražen utjecaj različitih postupaka maceracije masulja na sortni i sekundarni aromatski profil vina proizvedenih od aromatične crne sorte grožđa Muškat ruža porečki. Primjenjene su dvije različite tehnike, i to fermentativna maceracija na sobnoj temperaturi i prefermentativna kriomaceracija, obje tijekom jednog, tri i pet dana. U vinima su dobivenim maceracijom masulja pri sobnoj temperaturi, u usporedbi s vinima proizvedenim kriomaceracijom, pronađene veće koncentracije slobodnih i vezanih spojeva koji pridonose sortnoj aromi. Što se tiče utjecaja trajanja maceracije, najveće su koncentracije tih spojeva utvrđene u vinima dobivenim nakon trodnevne maceracije, bilo fermentativne, bilo kriomaceracije. Sekundarni aromatski spojevi slijedili su manje jedinstven obrazac. Spojevi s najvećim vrijednostima mirisne aktivnosti u svim ispitanim vinima bili su: linalol, zatim citronelol, geraniol, β-damascenon, β-ionon, izoamilni alkohol, 2-feniletanol, etil heksanoat, etil oktanoat, izoamil acetat, etil acetat, i dietil sukcinat. Dokazano je da je Muškat ruža porečki aromatična sorta grožđa, od koje se dobivaju vina sa zamjetnom monoterpenskom frakcijom, karakterizirana tipičnom sortnom muškatnom aromom s dominantnim mirisom ruža, praćenim nijansama crvenog voća. Dulje trajanje maceracije pridonijelo je mirisu i ukupnoj kakvoći vina, naglašavajući intenzitet i prepoznatljivost sortne muškatne arome, dok se kratkotrajna kriomaceracija pokazala kao poželjna tehnika za proizvodnju laganih rosé vina s izraženom muškatnom aromom i niskim sadržajem fenola. Predstavljene tehnike maceracije mogu se primijeniti za proizvodnju različitih tipova rosé i crnog vina sorte Muškat ruža porečki

The Gene Collection of Autochthonous Wine Grape Varieties at the Institute as a Contribution to the Sustainable Development of Wine Growing and Viticulture in Istria

Svjetski trend u očuvanju i održivom razvoju vinogradarstva već je niz godina baziran na izvornim i tipičnim sortama pojedinih vinogorja. Od 2003. godine u znanstvenim istraživanjima na projektu „Genetski i gospodarski resursi Vitis sp.“ (2001. – 2006.) i „Valorizacija resursa vinove loze (Vitis sp.) i banka gena“ (2006. – 2012.) sustavno su se pratile autohtone sorte vinove loze na području Istre, u cilju njihovog pronalaženja te gospodarske i genetske valorizacije. Tijekom 12-godišnjeg istraživanja, u kojem je učestvovala brojna ekipa istraživača i tehničkog osoblja Instituta, pregledano je stotinjak vinograda diljem Istarskog poluotoka, starih od 50 do 100 godina, cijepljenih na mjestu sadnje, u svrhu pronalaženja i identifikacije trsova svih starih istarskih sorata različitih genetskih i gospodarskih karakteristika. Na temelju pregleda i prikupljenih podataka iz osamdesetak nasada, označeno je više stotina biotipa različitih starih prepoznatljivih sorata vinove loze te puno biotipova sa zanimljivim ampelografskim karakteristikama koji se nisu mogli svrstati u do tada poznate stare sorte. Svi označeni biotipovi ampelografski su identificirani i opisani. Njihove morfološke karakteristike opisane su pomoću OIV indikatora. Napravljene su i kemijske analize mošta (pH, šećeri, kiseline), te DAS-ELISA test, zbog utvrđivanja njihovog zdravstvenog stanja. Najveći dio tih biotipova tijekom 2005. do 2012. godine posađen je u novom pokusnom nasadu Gen kolekcije autohtonih sorata vinove loze na imanju Instituta za poljoprivredu i turizam u Poreču. Na površini od 7.182 m² nalazi se posađen 3.591 trs, uspješno razmnoženih biotipova. Taj nasad danas predstavlja osnovu za stvaranje novih klonova autohtonih sorata vinove loze u Istri. Gen kolekcija Instituta osnova je za dugoročni i održivi razvoj vinogradarstva u Istri jer ne postoji niti jedan matični nasad vinove loze podignut sukladno važećim zakonskim propisima koji bi bio izvor kvalitetnog sadnog materijala autohtonih sorata genetskog porijekla iz Istre.During a number of years, the world trends are preserving and creating a sustainable development of viticulture, based upon origin and typical varieties in certain wine growing areas. Scientific research conducted since 2003 within the project Genetic and economical resources of Vitis sp., started in 2003 and continued in 2006 with the project Valorisation of wine grapes (Vitis sp.) and gene bank (2006–2012), autochthonous sorts of wine grapes were thoroughly examined throughout Istria, with the aim of economical and genetic valorisation. Following 12 years of field research, with the commitment of a large group of scientists and technical personnel from the Institute, around a hundred vineyards were examined throughout Istria. In order to find and identify the old Istria varieties, examined vineyards were 50 to 100 years of age, grafted in situ, containing different genetic and economical characteristics. Based upon field research on hundreds of wine stocks and gathered data from eighty vineyards, numerous biotypes that could not be set in the context of the already known old varieties, with interesting ampelographic characteristics, were identified. All biotypes were ampelographically identified and described. Morphological characteristics were described with OIV indicators. Chemical analysis of must was conducted (pH, content of sugar, acidity), as well as the DAS-ELISA test for sanitary condition. The majority of selected biotypes collected during 2005–2012 were grafted on the new trial plots Gene Collection of autochthonous wine grape varieties on the land belonging to the Institute of Agriculture and Tourism in Poreč. On the plots of 7,182 m2, we have successfully planted 3,591 wine stocks. This plantation is today a base for creating new clones of autochthonous sorts in Istria. The Gene Collection is a base for long-term and sustainable development in Istria, as there exist no matricular plantations of wine grapes according to current laws that could be a source of quality seedling material with genetic origin from Istria

Biodiversity of Malvazija Istarska bijela measured by oiv parameters

U sklopu znanstvenog projekta Genetski i gospodarski resursi Vitis sp. i banka gena (šifra 0147001) u Institutu za poljoprivredu i turizam provode se dugoročna istraživanja i aktivnosti usmjerene ka očuvanju i valorizaciji autohtonih sorti vinove loze u Istri. To uključuje stvaranje baze podataka, terenski rad (morfološka mjerenja), laboratorijske analize (kemijske, sanitarne i genetičke), te u konačnici podizanje predmatičnih i matičnih nasada. Godine 2004. istražili smo 16 sorata, odnosno 76 biotipova vinove loze, a 2005. istraženo je 10 sorata i 75 biotipova vinove loze. Sakupljanje podataka, obilježavanja trseva i morfološka mjerenja su izvršena, a i laboratorijske pretrage su u tijeku. U ovom radu prikazana su istraživanja na sorti Malvazija Istarska bijela i njenim potencijalnim biotipovima na četiri lokacije.In the framework of a scientific project \u27\u27Genetski i gospodarski resursi Vitis sp. i banka gena\u27\u27 (code 0147001) in the institute of Agriculture and Tourism long term research activities have an aim to preserve and value autochtonious varieties of grapes in Istra. This goal includes a data base, field work (morphologic measures), lab anlalysis (chemical, sanitary and genetic) and finnaly setting up pomother and nother plantations. In 2004. we have researched 16 grape varieties, respectively 76 biotypes, and in 2005. 10 grape varieties and 75 biotypes. The majority of field work - data colecting, grapevines labelling, morphological measuring and lab testings is done. This paper presents results of research on Malvazija Istarska bijela grape variety on four locations

Vineyard soils phosphorus and potassium distributions after long time application of fertilizer applicator

Fosfor i kalij predstavljaju dva esencijalna hraniva elementa u uzgoju vinove loze. Oba se elementa najčešće primjenjuju u jesenskoj-zimskoj gnojidbi. Razvojem mehanizacije vinograda, počinje i intenzivna primjena posebnog oruđa za dubinsko deponiranje gnojiva tzv. deponator. Problem u primjeni deponatora su izričiti stalni prohodi i uglavnom ista radna dubina kroz višegodišnje razdoblje. Stoga dolazi do koncentracije fosfora i kalija samo u jednoj uskoj zoni, gdje su ti elementi onda i toksični. Zbog tako visoke koncentracije u malom volumenu tla, korijenje ne ulazi u tu zonu i hraniva ostaju praktički neiskorištena. Ovim radom daje se i znanstvena potvrda o vrlo ograničenom učinku deponatora u vinogradarskoj proizvodnji.The phosphorus and potassium are two fundamental soil nutrients in grape production. Both of them, in most cases are incorporated in soil during autumn-winter period. In the last two decade, the tools and equipment for working in vineyard has a strong improvement. One of the new tools for grape production from this developing is the special tool for deep fertilizer application i.e. fertilizer applicator. The evident problem for fertilizer applicator is permanent trails of tractor and work in the same depth during long time. In this application mode, the concentration of phosphorus and potassium become toxic. The access of rootstock roots in this small area, are very limited because the concentration of nutrients is very high. The consequence is low usability of these nutrients. This research gives some verified scientific aspects of long time application of fertilizer applicator in grape production and their negative effect

Yield Components, Vegetative Growth and Fruit Composition of ‘Istrian Malvasia’ (Vitis vinifera L.) as Affected by the Timing of Partial Defoliation

The influence of partial defoliation performed at different grapevine growth stages on yield components, vegetative growth and fruit composition of ‘Istrian Malvasia’ (‘Malvazija istarska’) vines was investigated. During two consecutive seasons partial defoliation was performed manually at three grapevine growth stages; before bloom (BB), after bloom (AB), and at the beginning of bunch closure (BC). Three to four leaves on the basal part of primary shoots were removed in order to obtain moderately open grapevine canopy with good bunch exposure to sunlight. Control treatment without partial defoliation was also included. Partial defoliation did not significantly affect any of yield components of ‘Istrian Malvasia’ vines. The only consistent response to partial defoliation was the regrowth of laterals if partial defoliation was done early in the season, leading to the recovering of the removed leaf area from primary shoots. Less intensive regrowth of laterals occurred on BC treatment, resulting in the smallest leaf area per vine and the lowest leaf area/yield ratio, but the differences among treatments were not significant. Basic composition of ‘Istrian Malvasia’ grape juice (soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH) was not significantly affected by the timing of partial defoliation, but soluble solids tended to be higher in BB treatment and lower in BC treatment. It is concluded that the removal of three to four leaves per shoot at different grapevine growth stages did not considerably affect yield components and basic fruit composition of ‘Istrian Malvasia’ vines

Typical foodstuffs in tourist supply of Istria

Turistička ponuda svake zemlje teži osebujnosti i prepoznatljivosti. Jedan od značajnih doprinosa ovakvoj ponudi svakako su i tipični prehrambeni proizvodi koji u sebi objedinjuju specifičnosti podneblja, kulturnoga nasljeđa i tradicija jedne zemlje. U ovom je radu dano obrazloženje definicija i postupaka zaštite tipičnih prehrambenih proizvoda iz međunarodnog zakonodavstva. Istraženi su stavovi i mišljenja turista, te subjekata ponude u trgovini i ugostiteljstvu o tipičnim prehrambenim proizvodima na području Istre. Usporedbom zakonskih propisa vezanih uz tipične prehrambene proizvode, zaključeno je da hrvatsko zakonodavstvo ne prati tendencije zemalja zapadne Europe. Iz rezultata istraživanja zaključeno je da među stranim turistima postoji značajno zanimanje za ove proizvode, no ono je umanjeno činjenicom da su oni relativno skupi, te da nemaju odgovarajuću garanciju podrijetla i kakvoće.The tourist supply of every country longs for peculiar quality and identifiability. The typical foodstuffs are one of the climate, cultural inheritance and traditions of a country. In this paper, the authors first explain the definitions and procedures designed by international regulations concerning typical foodstuffs with controlled denomination of origin. The authors have investigated the interests and the opinions of tourists and subjects in trade and catering, about typical foodstuffs from Istria. By comparing the regulations, it was concluded that Croatian regulations do not follow the trends in West-European countries. The research results show that foreign tourists are very interested in typical istrian foodstuffs. However, their interest is lessened because those products are relatively expensive and have no guaranty of quality and origin