225 research outputs found
Otpornost soje prema patogenima
This paper presents an overview of the research on soybean resistance to pathogens. The review included most harmful agents of soybean diseases in Serbia, as well as those that are potentially harmful. Development and cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most efficient, economical and environmentally acceptable control measure for plant disease. It points to the variability in pathogenicity (physiological races) of parasites, especially expressed in Phytophthora sojae, Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, which requires continuous breeding for resistance. Resistant, partially resistant and moderately susceptible genotypes, which are used as donors of resistance genes to different pathogens, are listed in this paper. Also, avirulent genes in the parasite and resistance genes in soybean are indicated. Gene mapping significantly contributes to better understanding of the mode of inheritance and consequently, more efficient breeding for disease resistance. Significant improvement is expected by using molecular techniques, especially in dealing with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and Phomopsis longicolla. For these parasites only partial resistance has been reported but not complete resistance.Na osnovu viÅ”egodiÅ”njih istraživanja utvrÄeno je da su najÅ”tetniji i najrasprostranjeniji paraziti soje u Srbiji Peronospora manshurica (prouzrokovaÄ plamenjaÄe), Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (bakteriozna pegavost), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (bela trulež), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (rak stabla), Macrophomina phaseolina (ugljenasta trulež) i Phomopsis spp. (trulež semena). Postoji realna opasnost da se na soji u naÅ”oj zemlji pojave i dva veoma destruktivna parazita; Phytophthora sojae, prouzrokovaÄ fitoftorozne truleži i Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis prouzrokovaÄ 'južnog' raka stabla. UnoÅ”enje otpornosti prema najznaÄajnijim parazitima u nove sorte soje je jedan od prioritetnih zadataka svih oplemenjivaÄkih programa. Najpre je potrebno iznaÄi odgovarajuÄi izvor otpornosti, zatim obaviti povratna ukrÅ”tanja i u kasnijim generacijama identifikovati otporne genotipove. Uspeh u radu na stvaranju otpornih sorti soje uslovljen je postojanjem dobrih izvora rezistentnosti, kao i poznavanjem prirode otpornosti i naÄina nasleÄivanja. Rezistentnost prema P. manshurica evidentirana je u viÅ”e genotipova soje, a najÄeÅ”Äe je uslovljena jednim dominantnim genom (Rpm). Ova otpornost je potpuna, ali nije trajna, jer se postepeno gubi usled pojave novih fizioloÅ”kih rasa. Rasa br. 4 P. syringae pv. glycinea je dominantna na soji u svetu i kod nas. Ne postoje potpuno otporni genotipovi prema ovoj rasi, ali su prisutne znaÄajne razlike u stepenu osetljivosti. Parcijalna otpornost kontrolisana je od strane jednog ili nekoliko Rpg gena. Mehanizmi izbegavanja oboljenja i parcijalna fizioloÅ”ka rezistentnost uslovljavljaju razlike u reakciji sorti soje prema S. sclerotiorum. Mapirana su dva lokusa koji kontroliÅ”u mehanizme izbegavanja bolesti i jedan lokus, najverovatnije odgovoran za parcijalnu fizioloÅ”ku rezistentnost. Parcijalna rezistentnost utvrÄena je kod nekoliko introdukovanih (PI) genotipova soje. U naÅ”im agroekoloÅ”kim uslovima ranostasni genotipovi izbegavaju napad ovog oboljenja. Nije evidentirana potpuna otpornost prema D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, prouzrokovaÄu 'severnog' tipa raka stabla. ProuzrokovaÄ 'južnog' tipa raka stabla D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis nije prisutan na soji u Srbiji. Otpornost prema ovoj gljivi naÄena je u nekoliko genotipova soje, a uslovljavaju je dva (delimiÄna otpornost), odnosno, Äetiri (potpuna) major gena. Pripadnici roda Diaporthe/Phomopsis su najÅ”tetniji paraziti semena soje, a vrsta P. longicolla je najzastupljenija. ZadovoljavajuÄi nivo rezistentnosti prema ovom parazitu semena poseduje nekoliko genotipova soje. Priroda otpornosti nije u potpunosti razjaÅ”njena, a novija istraživanja ukazuju da se radi o kvantitativnom svojstvu. Brojna istraživanja posveÄena su prouÄavanju Phytophthora sojae (fitoftorozna trulež), veoma Å”tetnog parazita soje. Opisano je viÅ”e od 70 fizioloÅ”kih rasa, identifikovani su avirulentni geni (Avr) u pojedinim rasama i pronaÄeni su geni rezistentnosti (Rps) u sortama soje. Tako je omoguÄeno uspeÅ”no oplemenjivanje soje na otpornost prema ovom parazitu
Patogenost Fusarum vrsta na soji
The paper describes the symptoms of the Fusarium wilt and necrosis of root and lower stem of soybean, which include leaf chlorosis, wilt of the apical portion of the plant, necrosis of the root and lower stem, and wilting of the whole plant. The pods are often poorly developed. The seeds may be smaller and lighter in the weight and infected, as well. Isolated from diseased soybean plants were the species Fusarium avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum and F. poae. Pathogenicity tests under artificial infection conditions showed F. oxysporum (isolate S/1) to be the most pathogenic among of the four investigated species. The other species proved much less pathogenic.Fuzariozna uvelost, nekroza korena i prizemnog dela stabla soje pojedinih godina se javlja i u naÅ”oj zemlji u veÄoj ili manjoj meri. Ovo oboljenje se intenzivnije javlja u godinama sa toplim i suvim letima, pogodnim za razvoj uvelosti soje, prouzrokovane vrstama iz roda Fusarium. Iz uzoraka obolelih biljaka sa simptomima oboljenja su izolovane i determinisane vrste Fusarium avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum i F. poae. U ogledima sa veÅ”taÄkom inokulacijom soje najveÄu patogenost ispoljavao je izolat S/1 F. oxysporum. F. oxysporum (S/1) je znaÄajno smanjio klijavost i nicanje biljaka soje, a poveÄao broj trulih zrna. Ostale vrste ispoljile su znatno slabiju patogenost. Problemu fuzariozne uvelosti, nekroze korena i prizemnog dela stabla soje trebalo bi posvetiti veÄu pažnju zbog moguÄnosti uveÄanja znaÄaja ovog oboljenja usled sve ÄeÅ”Äe pojave toplih i suvih leta, povoljnih za razvoj bolesti
Subunit composition of seed storage proteins in high-protein soybean genotypes
The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation of the major seed storage protein subunits, beta-conglycinin and glycinin, and how they influence yield and protein and oil contents in high-protein soybean genotypes. The relative accumulation of subunits was calculated by scanning SDS-PAGE gels using densitometry. The protein content of the tested genotypes was higher than control cultivar in the same maturity group. Several genotypes with improved protein content and with unchanged yield or oil content were developed as a result of new breeding initiatives. This research confirmed that high-protein cultivars accumulate higher amounts of glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Genotypes KO5427, KO5428, and KO5429, which accumulated lower quantities of all subunits of glycinin and beta-conglycinin, were the only exceptions. Attention should be given to genotypes KO5314 and KO5317, which accumulated significantly higher amounts of both subunits of glycinin, and to genotypes KO5425, KO5319, KO539 and KO536, which accumulated significantly higher amounts of beta-conglycinin subunits. These findings suggest that some of the tested genotypes could be beneficial in different breeding programs aimed at the production of agronomically viable plants, yielding high-protein seed with specific composition of storage proteins for specific food applications
New trends in plant breeding - example of soybean
Soybean breeding and selection is a continual process designed to increase yield levels and improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Soybean breeders have been successful in producing a large number of varieties using conventional breeding methods, the Single Seed Descent method in particular. In recent decades, with the increased use of genetic transformations, backcrossing is more frequent though the only trait that has been commercialized is glyphosate tolerance. Physiological breeding poses a particular challenge, as well as phenotyping and development of useful criteria and techniques suitable for plant breeding. Using modern remote sensing techniques provides great opportunity for collecting a large amount of physiological data in real environment, which is necessary for physiological breeding. Molecular based plant breeding methods and techniques are a conceptual part of any serious breeding program. Among those methods, the most extensively used is marker-assisted selection, as a supplement to conventional breeding methods
Antinutritivni Äinioci nekih zrnenih mahunarki
Grain legumes, such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lupins (Lupinus spp.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), represent one of the most quality and least expensive solutions for a long-term demand for plant protein in animal husbandry. One of the limitations to an increased use of grain legumes as feed is the presence of diverse compounds in their grain, commonly referred to as anti-nutritional factors, that both decrease nutritive value of grain legumes and, if taken in larger amounts, cause health problems that may be fatal for both human and the animals. By this reason, breeding programmes of all grain legumes is aimed at decreasing the content of anti-nutritional factors to a safe extent. Breeding of soybean cultivars for reduced amount of antinutritive factors resulted in the development of Kunitz-free soybean cultivars, which are suitable for thermal processing at lower temperatures and during a shorter period of time. This is the way of saving energy and preserving valuable nutritional composition of soybean grain. As for other species, the most significant progress has been made in protein pea, where all modern cultivars have either low or very low content of various antinutritional factors. Among the improvements are also 'zero-tannin' cultivars in faba bean, with a wide utilization in both animal feeding and bread industry, lowtoxin common vetch cultivars, 'sweet' cultivars in lupins and low-ODAP cultivars in grass pea.Zrnene mahunarke, poput soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), graÅ”ka (Pisum sativum L.), boba (Vicia faba L.), lupina (Lupinus spp.), obiÄne grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) i sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.) predstavljaju jedno od najkvalitetnijih i najjevtinijih reÅ”enja za dugoroÄni nedostatak biljnih proteina u stoÄarstvu. Jedno od ograniÄenja poveÄanju koriÅ”Äenja zrnenih mahunarki u ishrani domaÄih životinja jeste prisustvo razliÄitih sastojaka u zrnu, tzv. antinutritivnih Äinilaca, koji umanjuju njihovu hranljivu vrednost i, u sluÄaju da se unesu u veÄoj koliÄini, mogu da dovedu do teÅ”kih posledica po ljude i životinje. Iz tog razloga, oplemenjivanje svih zrnenih mahunarki usmereno je i ka snižavanju sadržaja antinutritivnih Äinilaca na bezopasan nivo. Oplemenjivanje soje na smanjeni sadržaj antinutritivnih Äinilaca dovelo je do stvaranja Kunitz-free sorti soje, pogodnih za termiÄku obradu na nižim temperaturama i kraÄeg trajanja, Å”to je naÄin uÅ”tede energije i oÄuvanja vrednih hranljivih sastojaka sojinog zrna. Å to se tiÄe drugih zrnenih mahunarki, najveÄi napredak ostvaren je kod proteinskog graÅ”ka, kod kojeg sve savremene sorte imaju nizak ili vrlo nizak sadržaj antinutritivnih Äinilaca. MeÄu dostignuÄima su i zero-tannin sorte boba, sa Å”irokom upotrebom u stoÄarstvu i industriji hleba, sorte obiÄne grahorice sa niskim sadržajem toksina, tzv. slatke sorte lupina i sorte sastrice sa niskim sadržajem ODAP
UvoÄenje novih gajenih mahunarki u Srbiji - bela lupina (Lupinus albus)
The renewed interest in introducing white lupin in Serbia is its high crude protein content in grain dry matter of nearly 400 g kg-1, which makes it a potential supplement for soybean meal in animal feeding. The only collection of white and other lupins in Serbia is maintained at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, with about 200 accessions of 10 species, containing about 70 accessions of white lupin. The accessions with high tolerance to alkaline soil reaction of about pH=8 in a carbonated chernozem in Novi Sad regularly formed two orders of pods and grains and produced grain yields of more than 5 t ha-1, 45 t ha-1 of green forage and 8 t ha-1 of forage dry matter. The first Serbian white lupin breeding programme carried out at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has resulted in developing cultivars Vesna and Panorama, registered in 2008.Razlog za obnovu zanimanja za uvoÄenjem bele lupine u Srbiju jeste visok sadržaj sirovih proteina u suvoj materiji zrna od skoro 400 g kg-1, ÄineÄi je moguÄim dodatkom sojinom braÅ”nu u ishrani domaÄih životinja. Jedina zbirka bele i ostalih lupina u Srbiji održava se u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, sa oko 200 akcesija 10 vrsta, od Äega je 70 akcesija bele lupine. Akcesije sa velikom tolerantnoÅ”Äu na alkalnu reakciju zemljiÅ”nog rastvora, poput one od oko 8 na Äernozemu u Novom Sadu, uobiÄajeno obrazuju dva reda mahuna i zrna, te ostvaruju prinose od viÅ”e od 5 t ha-1 zrna, 45 t ha-1 zelene krme i 8 t ha-1 suve materije krme. Prvi srpski program oplemenjivanja bele lupine, koji se odvija u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, iznedrio je sorte Vesna i Panorama priznate 2008
Stabilnost hemijskog sastava semena soje
Stability of protein and oil content of 13 soybean varieties were examined using linear model across seven locations and during six years. Due to heterogeneity of environments all year/locations was distributed in to two groups, based on achieved yield. Stability of protein content differed in the low and high yielding environments, while average values show only minor differences. In contrast, oil content stability was slightly changed in the low and high yielding environments, while the average oil content were significantly higher in the low yielding environments. Environmental factors influenced the correlation between oil and protein content in soybeans. Negative correlation between protein and oil content was observed only in the high yielding environments, while varieties in low yielding environments lack this well known inverse relation.Ispitivanja stabilnosti hemijskog sastava zrna soje sprovedena su na 13 genotipova soje, Å”est lokaliteta, tokom Å”est godina, koriÅ”Äenjem linearnog modela. Usled heterogenosti uslova uspevanja, svi lokaliteti/godine podeljeni su u dve grupe, u zavisnosti od prinosa. Stabilnost sadržaja proteina u semenu razlikovala se u zavisnosti od visine prinosa, dok kod proseÄnih vrednosti nisu zabeležene veÄe razlike. Nasuprot tome, stabilnost sadržaja ulja u semenu nije se znaÄajnije razlikovala u zavisnosti od prinosa, dok je proseÄan sadržaj ulja bio veÄi na lokalitetima/godinama kada su zabeleženi niži prinosi soje. Uslovi spoljaÅ”nje sredine utiÄu na korelaciju izmeÄu sadržaja ulja i proteina. Negativna korelacija izmeÄu sadržaja ulja i proteina uoÄena je samo pri visokim prinosima, dok pri niskim prinosima ova negativna veza nije dobijena
Seed viability of oil crops depending on storage conditions
Changes occurring in seed during aging are significant as far as seed quality and longevity are concerned and are a consequence of the effects of different storage conditions. The chemical composition of seed with high oil content is related to specific processes occurring in seed during storage. In this trial, sunflower and soybean genotypes developed in Novi Sad were submitted to accelerated aging for three and five days, and natural aging for six and twelve months, under controlled and conventional (non-controlled) conditions. The obtained results showed that preservation of seed viability depended on storage condition and duration, as well as plant species. Accelerated aging test can be used to predict the length of storage life of sunflower and soybean seed. In comparison to sunflower seed, soybean seed is more sensitive to damage and reduced germination during storage
Dužina peteljki sirka metlaÅ”a pri razliÄitom sklopu biljaka
Bromcorn fiber length is determined by measuring the distance between the point at which the fibers start to branch out and the tip of at least two thirds of all the fibers present in a given panicle. This is a very important morphological trait, as it determines the success of the panicle harvest. A two-year investigation was carried out in order to determine the influence of different stand densities on fiber length levels in two broomcorn genotypes. Two row-to-row spacing (50 and 70 cm) and six plant-to- plant ones (5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25 cm) were studied. Fiber length was the smallest (42.6 and 45.2 cm) with the highest stand densities, and it increased with increasing plant growing space (63.7 cm and 71.0 cm). .Dužina peteljki sirkovih metlica predstavlja rastojanje izmeÄu taÄke grananja peteljki i mesta gde se nalazi vrh najmanje 2/3 od ukupnog broja peteljki. Ovo je veoma bitna morfoloÅ”ka osobina biljaka sirka metlaÅ”a, od koje zavisi uspeÅ”nost žetve sirkovih metlica. U cilju sagledavanja promene dužine peteljki sirkovih metlica u zavisnosti od razliÄitog sklopa biljaka, izvrÅ”ena su dvogodiÅ”nja istraživanja sa dva genotipa sirka metlaÅ”a. Ispitivana su dva meÄuredna razmaka od 50 i 70 cm i Å”est razliÄitih razmaka biljaka u redu, (5, 9, 13, 17, 21 i 25 cm). Dužina peteljki bila je najmanja pri najguÅ”Äim sklopovima 42,59 i 45,22 cm, dok je sa poveÄanjem vegetacionog prostora dužina peteljki bila sve veÄa - 63,72 i 71,04 cm
Trideset godina oplemenjivanja soje u NauÄnom institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu
The work on soybean breeding at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad started in the mid seventies. The primary objective of this work was to create the first domestic, high yielding varieties, adapted to our growing conditions, and with traits that will fulfill demands of producers and processing industry, and supersede foreign varieties. During last thirty years of intensive work, 82 varieties registered in our country and 24 in abroad has been released. Current assortment comprises of thirteen varieties different by vegetation period as well as by other agronomic traits, with regard to various agroecological conditions in some growing regions of this industrial plant.Sredinom sedamdesetih godina proÅ”log veka u NauÄnom Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu zapoÄeto je sa radom na oplemenjivanju soje. Ovaj rad imao je za cilj stvaranje prvih domaÄih, visokoprinosnih sorti soje prilagoÄenih naÅ”im uslovima gajenja, koje Äe svojim svojstvima udovoljiti zahtevima proizvoÄaÄa i preraÄivaÄke industrije i koje Äe iz proizvodnje istisnuti strane sorte. Tokom proteklih trideset godina intenzivnog rada stvorene su 82 sorte soje priznate u naÅ”oj zemlji i 24 priznate u inostranstvu. Aktuelni sortiment Äini trinaest sorti koje se meÄusobno razlikuju kako po dužini vegetacije, tako i po drugim agronomskim svojstvima s obzirom na razliÄite agroekoloÅ”ke uslove u pojedinim regionima gajenja ove industrijske biljke
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