Postrna proizvodnja kupusa u Srbiji

Cabbage is an important vegetable crop that is grown at 20,891 ha in Serbia. Growing cabbage as a double crop intensifies land use and increases the profitability of crop production. Double cropping of cabbage is a well-established practice in Serbia. Domestic cultivars and populations of cabbage predominate in the commercial production and this choice of assortment dictates the subsequent use of the harvested cabbage crop. The two main types of use are fresh consumption and pickling. Under Serbian growing conditions, the optimum time for late cabbage transplanting is the first half of July, a period characterized by high temperatures and insufficient and unevenly distributed rainfall. Growing cabbages during this period without the help of irrigation is a fairly risky proposition. Late cabbage cultivars and hybrids must be harvested before temperatures drops below -5°C. Cabbage can survive temperatures of -4°C to -5°C for only a limited period of time and prolonged exposure to such conditions will result in the plant being winterkilled and the head losing its market value.Kupus je značajna povrtarska kultura koja se u Srbiji proizvodi na 20.891 ha. Gajenje kupusa kao druge kulture (tj. postrno) omogućuje intenzivno korišćenje zemljišta i rentabilniju prizvodnju. Kasna ili postrna proizvodnja kupusa u Srbiji ima svoju tradiciju. Relativno često se gaje domaće sorte i populacije kupusa koje definišu i način potrošnje, što je pre svega sveža upotreba, ali i sve prisutnije kišeljenje kupusa. Optimalni rok za rasađivanje kasnog kupusa u agroklimatskim uslovima Srbije je prva polovina jula. Ovaj period karakterišu visoke temperature i nedovoljna količina padavina neravnomernog rasporeda, tako da je proizvodnja kupusa bez navodnjavanja nesigurna. Kod kasnih sorti i hibrida kupusa berba se mora organizovati pre nego što temperatura padne ispod -5°C. Na -4°C i -5°C kupus može da bude samo privremeno, jer posle dužeg vremena dolazi do izmrzavanja i gubljenja tržišne vrednosti glavica kupusa

Gajenje kupusa

Kupus (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) predstavlja značajnu povrtarsku kulturu u Republici Srbiji, kako po obimu proizvodnje, tako i potrošnje. Prvenstveno se koristi u svežem stanju, kuvan i biofermentisan (kiseli) kupus. Ima malu energetsku vrednost, značajan je po sadržaju mineralnih materija i vitamina. Prosečna površina pod kupusom u Republici Srbiji u vremenskom periodu 2000–2005. godine iznosi 21.846,00 hektara. Sadržaj monografije čine podaci prikupljeni iz mnoštva radova, harmonizujući ih u homogenu celinu. Nastala je kao rezultat brojnih višegodišnjih istraživanja, ali i rezultat rada ne samo autora, već i ogromnog broja istraživača, kako iz zemlje tako i svetskih naučnika iz ove oblasti. Zbog toga sam smatrao da ova monografija treba da bude izdanje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada, kao značajne institucije u oblasti agronomije, u kojoj je i autor zaposlen. Monografija „Gajenje kupusa” upoznaje čitaoce sa ovom biljnom vrstom i uvodi ih u savremenu proizvodnju. Knjiga je namenjena širokom krugu čitalaca, od proizvođača, kolega agronoma i naučnih radnika, do studenata i svih onih koji bi detaljnije želeli ili imali potrebe da se upoznaju sa kupusom. Nadam se da će biti od koristi kako proizvođačima koji tek počinju da se bave ovom proizvodnjom, tako i iskusnim majstorima ove lepe ali i zahtevne oblasti biljne proizvodnje. Takođe, iskreno se nadam da će ova monografija doprineti poboljšanju agrotehnike kupusa, povećanju prinosa, ekonomičnosti proizvodnje i podizanju kvaliteta ishrane

Chemical composition of selected winter green pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes

Breeding and selection of winter pea for seed quality is a serious challenge to every breeder. The result of breeding mainly depends on good knowledge of the genetic material. Chemical and technological analysis is necessary for an accurate determination of the following traits of technologically mature seed of the winter pea collection: protein content, total nitrogen content, total sugars content, starch content, fatty oil content, cellulose content, and ash content (g (100 g)(-1)). The protein content in the tested lines of pea was in the range 22.86-28.04 g (100 g)(-1), the total nitrogen content 3.66-4.49 g (100 g)(-1), total sugars content 10.30-14.67 g (100 g)(-1), starch content 39.44-46.23 g (100 g)(-1), fatty oil content 1.48-1.89 g (100 g)(-1), cellulose content 8.79-10.28 g (100 g)(-1) and ash content 3.08-3.67 g (100 g)(-1). PCA analysis was used to identify the three components that collectively explained 81.59 % of the total variation. The first component was mainly defined by the ash and the total nitrogen, protein and cellulose contents. The second one, independent from the first one, was mainly correlated to the fatty oil and starch contents, while the third was defined by the content of total sugars

Selekcija i heritabilnost F2 potomstva paprike iz ukrštanja Amfora x Piquipo de Lodosa

Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) have a very diverse use in Serbia. Preparing ajvar (pepper spread) is the most common way in Serbia to preserve pepper for wintertime. Besides larger fruits, high total soluble solids in red pepper fruits are very important for better ajvar. The goal of our breeding program is to develop new pepper cultivars with high fruit weight and high total soluble solids. For this purpose, we crossed Amfora (kapia variety from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia) and Piquillo de Lodosa (a small conical variety from Spain) in 2014. From this crossing, 180 F2 plants were transplanted into open field in 2016. The fruits were evaluated for seven quantitative traits: weight, length, diameter, index, locule number, pericarp thickness and total soluble solids (Brix). The principal component analysis was used to identify the most significant traits. The mean values were compared with the Dunnett test. Relationships between traits were calculated by Pearson correlation coefficients. Fruits from F2 plants were ranged between parents mainly. Fruit weight was positively correlated with fruit length, fruit diameter and pericarp thickness, but negatively with total soluble solids. Low heritability for total soluble solids and a negative correlation between total soluble solids and fruit weight makes it difficult to improve both important traits in one variety. The task in the future breeding process is to find crossing combination in pepper which will harmonize these two important fruit traits.Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) u Srbiji ima veoma raznovrsnu upotrebu. Čest način čuvanja paprike za zimski period je u vidu ajvara. Osim krupnih plodova koji imaju debeo perikarp, za kvalitetan ajvar takođe je bitan visok sadržaj suve materije. Cilj našeg rada je da dobijemo oplemenjivački materijal sa visokim sadržajem suve materije, odnosno rastvorljive suve materije i krupnih plodova. Za ovu svrhu smo 2014. godine ukrstili Amforu (sorta Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, Srbija) i Piquillo de Lodosa (sorta paprike konusnog ploda iz Španije). Sledeće 2015. godine proizvedena je F1 generacija u cilju dobijanja semena F2 generacije. U 2016. godini rasađeno je 180 F2 biljaka. Roditeljske biljke (Amfora i Piquillo de Lodosa) su korištene kao kontrola. Slučajno je odabrano 18 F2 biljaka koje su pokrivene izolatorima od agro tekstila. Plodovi su ubrani u fiziološkoj zrelosti (oktobar) i korišćeni su za dalju analizu. Izmerena su sledeća kvantitativna svojstva: masa ploda (g), dužina ploda (cm), prečnik ploda (cm), broj komora, debljina perikarpa (mm) i ukupno rastvorljiva suva materija (°Brix). Indeks ploda je obračunat kao odnos dužine i širine. Analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) je korišćena za identifikaciju najznačajnijih svojstava. Srednje vrednosti su upoređene Danetovim testom. Prema PCA, rastvorljiva suva materija je imala pozitivan uticaj na prvu glavnu komponentu (PC1), dok su masa ploda, širina ploda i debljina perikarpa imale značaj, ali negativan uticaj. Dužina i indeks ploda imali su najvažniji i negativan uticaj na PC2. Plodovi F2 generacije bili su uglavnom između roditelja (Amfora i Piquillo de Lodosa). Masa plodova je u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa dužinom i širinom ploda, kao i sa debljinom perikarpa, ali u negativnoj sa ukupno rastvorljivom suvom materijom. Niska heritabilnost rastvorljive suve materije i negativna korelacija sa masom ploda otežava povećanje ova dva bitna svojstva u jednoj sorti. Zadatak u budućem oplemenjivačkom radu na paprici je da se pronađu roditelji koji će pomiriti ova dva važna svojstva

Quality differences among garlic ecotypes

Garlic quality is comprised of bulb yield components and dry matter content Garlic has the highest dry matter content of all vegetable crops. Clove mass as a yield component, along with dry matter content, is the basis for determining garlic quality for food industry and seed production purposes alike. Predominant in our country’s garlic production are domestic ecotypes which give lower yields than cultivars resulting from breeding. In the present paper, we studied the divergence of garlic ecotypes by analyzing their dry matter content and clove size. The study lasted three years and involved 48 garlic ecotypes (18 autumn and 30 spring ones). Using hierarchical clustering, a very low variability of dry matter content was found in the autumn ecotypes. Differences in clove mass were very pronounced so four ecotype groups were formed that differed in the number of ecotypes as well as in the value of this trait. The spring garlic ecotypes were very heterogeneous in terms of bulb mass and dry matter content and were accordingly divided into six and five groups, respectively

Način nasleđivanja prinosa i komponenti prinosa kod kupusa (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Used in this study were seven divergent cabbage cultivars, which we crossed using the complete diallel cross method. The traits we analyzed are important for further selection and were actually chosen based on this. The study's results showed the traits to be significantly divergent, which represents a significant source of variability for the next cycle of selection. The predominant mode of inheritance of head mass and the edible portion of the head was superdominance. Variation of these two traits was prominent in both the parents and the hybrids, the primary reason being the differences in earliness of maturity. Yield once again proved to be a complex trait, varying in the parents and the hybrids alike. The variability of yield was much larger in the hybrids than in the cultivars. Superdominance occurred 23 times.Sedam divergentnih sorti kupusa, dobijenih metom potpunog dialelnog ukrštanja, korišćeno je u ovom istraživanju. Analizirana svojstva su važna za dalju selekciju i stoga su i izabrana. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su svojstva značajno divergentna što predstavlja važan izvor varijabilnosti za sledeće cikluse selekcije. Superdominantnost je prevashodni način nasleđivanja mase glavice i jestivih delova glavice. Variranje ova dva svojstva bilo je značajno kako kod roditelja tako i kod hibrida što je i osnovni razlog razlike u ranostasnosti. Prinos se još jednom pokazao kao složeno svojstvo, koje podjednako varira kako kod roditelja tako i kod hibrida. Varijabilnost prinosa bila je mnogo veća kod hibrida nego kod kultivara. Superdominantnost se javila 23 puta

Divergentnost u kolekciji pasulja prikazana analizom glavnih komponenata (PCA)

We studied the divergence of our beans collection. The study included two qualitative traits, grain color and shape, and 13 quantitative traits, namely three components of plant height, five direct yield components and five chemical properties of grain. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed which of the traits were decisive in genotype differentiation. The principal components were formed based on the correlation matrix and shown through unrotated and rotated values of trait correlation with the main axes. The percentage contribution of particular principal components to total variability was shown, as was the accumulation of variability. The variability of the collection was interpreted based on the seven principal components, the first one describing genotype productivity, the second grain shape, the third grain size, the fourth genotype harvestability and the last three describing the chemical composition of grain.Ispitivana je divergentnost kolekcije pasulja. Posmatrane su boja i oblik zrna pasulja kao kvalitativne i 13 kvantitativnih osobina (tri komponente visine biljke, pet direktnih komponenti prinosa i pet hemijskih osobina zrna). Analizom glavnih komponenata (PCA) utvrđeno je koje su od ispitivanih osobina odlučujuće u diferenciranju genotipova. Glavne komponente su formirane na osnovu korelacione matrice. Prikaz glavnih komponenti vršen je preko nerotiranih i preko rotiranih vrednosti korelacija osobina sa glavnim osama. Prikazan je procentualni udeo pojedinih glavnih komponenata u ukupnoj varijabilnosti, kao i kumulacija varijabilnosti. Za objašnjenje varijabilnost kolekcije dovoljno je bilo sedam glavnih komponenata. Prva glavna komponenta govori o produktivnosti genotipa, druga o obliku zrna, treća o krupnoći zrna, četvrta o pogodnosti genotipova za žetvu, a ostale tri o hemijskom sastavu zrna

Komponente varijanse i korelacije agronomskih svojstava kupusa (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) različitih grupa zrenja

In this paper we studied the variability and correlation of cabbage traits in different maturity groups. The study included early spring cabbages (planted in early spring, harvested in early summer) and autumn cabbages (planted in mid-summer, harvested in late autumn). Using coefficients of variation and correlation coefficients, we analyzed 17 cabbage traits in 35 commercially grown cultivars, F1 hybrids, and experimental F1 hybrids. The traits were analyzed separately for each maturity group. In the early cabbages, the coefficients of variation ranged from 4.8 to 44.2%. The calculated correlation coefficients differed between the two maturity groups. The early cabbages had 26 significant positive correlations. The positive correlations calculated among different traits of early cabbages defined this group fully and made it distinct from the late-maturing genotypes. Plant height and rosette diameter in the early genotypes were highly positively correlated with rosette weight, whole plant weight, head weight, usable portion of head, head height, and head diameter. Plant height and rosette diameter participate in the formation of active photosynthetic area in early cabbages. Rosette width in these genotypes provides a greater influx of light and heat, which results in greater head weight. Also, in early cabbages that have greater plant height, the leaf rosette will not lie on the cold surface of the ground in the spring. The activity of the cabbage plant is thus more focused towards the formation of larger head weight. Head volume in the late genotypes was highly positively correlated with rosette diameter, whole plant weight, head weight, usable portion of head, inner stem length, and head height. In late cabbages plant activity is directed towards the formation of head volume due to the longer duration of the growth period, larger leaves, and differences in climatic conditions.U radu smo istraživali varijabilnost i korelacije svojstava kupusa iz različitih grupa zrenja. Ubuhvaćeni su rani-prolećni kupusi (posejani rano u proleće, posečeni u rano leto), i jesenji kupusi (posejani sredinom leta, posečeni kasno u jesen). Koeficijentima varijacije i korelacionim koeficijentima analizarano je 17 kupusnih svojtava, između 35 komercijalno gajenih sorata, F1-hibrida i eksperimentalnih hibrida kupusa. Svojstva sorata i F1-hibrida kupusa smo analizirali posebno kod svake grupe zrenja. Koeficijent varijacije analiziranih svojstava se kretao od minimalnih 4,8% do maksimalnih 44,2%. Navedeni koeficijenti varijacije su pripadali kupusima iz rane grupe zrenja. Međutim korelacioni koeficijenti su bili različiti između analiziranih grupa zrenja kupusa. Kupusi iz rane grupe zrenja imali su 32 signifikantno pozitivne korelacije, a kasno jesenji kupusi su imali 26 signifikantno pozitivnih korelacija. Visina biljke i prečnik rozete kod ranih genotipova je u visokoj pozitivnoj korelaciji sa masom rozete, masom cele biljke, masom glavice, korisnim delom glavice, visinom glavice i prečnikom glavice. Kod ranih kupusa sa većom visinom glavice, lisna rozeta tokom proleća neće ležati na hladnoj površini zemljišta. Ovako je aktivnost biljke više usmerena na formiranje veće mase glavice. Zapremina glavice kod kasnih genotipova je u visoko pozitivnoj korelaciji sa prečnikom rozete, masom cele biljke, masom glavice, korisni delom glavice, dužinom unutrašnjeg kočana i visinom glavice. Aktivnost biljaka kod kasnih kupusa na formiranju veće zapremine glavice je u funkciji dužeg vegetacionog perioda, većih listova rozete i drugačijih klimatskih uslova

Semenska proizvodnja kupusa

In this region, cabbage has a long tradition of growing and a variety of possible uses. Because of this, high-quality seed production is required. Cabbage is a biennial, open-pollinated crop whose seed production requires the knowledge of certain growing conditions in order to prevent the production of impure seed, the further spread of weeds and diseases, and the reduction of the major seed qualities (seed vigor, viability and purity). As a continuation of breeding work, seed production enables the maintenance and utilization a cultivars genetic potential through proper seed maintenance and increase It is therefore necessary' that the process of seed production is continuously overseen by a properly trained seed scientist.Na našem području, kupus ima dugu tradiciju gajenja, kao i mogućnost više načina korišćenja - upotrebe. Zbog toga je, neophodno i kvalitetno semenarstvo. Kupus je dvogodišnja, strano-oplodna kultura, a kod semenske proizvodnje zahteva poznavanje određenih uslova gajenja. Time se sprečava proizvodnja sortno nečistog semena, dalje širenje bolesti i korova, kao i smanjenje semenskih kvaliteta (energija klijanja, klijavost, i čistoća). Semenarstvo kao nastavak oplemenjivačkog rada, pravilnim održavanjem i umnožavanjem semena jedne sorte omogućuje očuvanje i iskorišćenje njenog genetskog potencijala. Stoga je nepobodno da se proces semenske proizvodnje neprestano odvija pod kontrolom stručno osposobljenog semenara

Dialelna analiza osobina ploda kod lubenica

Current demands of consumers and thus producers are important when targeting watermelon breeding programs, especially in programs aimed at improvement of fruit traits. A complete diallel set has been investigated for breeding values of six watermelon lines, via general and specific combining ability, relationships between general and specific combining ability, heritability and heterosis for fruit size, rind thickness, soluble solids and fruit shape. The lines P2 and P4 were good general combiners for fruit size. These lines also had high values of specific combining ability in direct and reciprocal crosses. The lines with negative general combining ability for fruit size (P1 and P5) can be used in breeding for small fruits (4-6 kg), good taste (high sugar content), desired rind thickness, desired fruit form and high fruit ratio. Relationships between general and specific combining ability indicated that the additive effect played an important role in the expression of fruit weight, rind thickness and sugar content, while fruit shape was inherited incompletely dominantly.Pozitivne vrednosti GCA za krupnoću ploda su imali dva roditelja, P2 i P4, koji se mogu koristiti kako u direktnim tako i u recipročnim ukrštanjima, za stvaranje hibrida veće krupnoće. Visoko negativne vrednosti GCA su imali P1 i P5, te se ove linije mogu koristiti za stvaranje hibrida manje krupnoće ploda (od 4-6 kg), dobrog ukusa (9,8 %SS), željene debljine kore, odgovarajućeg oblika i visokog randmana ploda. GCA/SCA odnosom ustanovljeno je da aditivni efekat ima važnu ulogu u ekspresiji mase ploda, debljine kore i %SS. Ova istraživanja ukazuju da je za stvaranje hibrida lubenica, zavisno od postavljenog modela, neophodno korišćenje divergentnih linija za ispitivane osobine ploda, a posebno za masu (veličinu) ploda