Personnaliser l'enseignement

Bibiogr. à la fin des chap

Promoting access to public research data for scientific, economic, and social development

It is now commonplace to say that information and communications technologies are rapidly transforming the world of research. We are only beginning to recognize, however, that management of the scientific enterprise must adapt if we, as a society, are to take full advantage of the knowledge and understanding generated by researchers. One of the most important areas of information and communication technology (ICT)-driven change is the emergence of escience, briefly described as universal desktop access, via the Internet, to distributed resources, global collaboration, and the intellectual, analytical, and investigative output of the world’s scientific community.The vision of e-science is being realised in relation to the outputs of science, particularly journal articles and other forms of scholarly publication. This realisation extends less to research data, the raw material at the heart of the scientific process and the object of significant annual public investments.Ensuring research data are easily accessible, so that they can be used as often and as widely as possible, is a matter of sound stewardship of public resources. Moreover, as research becomes increasingly global, there is a growing need to systematically address data access and sharing issues beyond national jurisdictions. The goals of this report and its recommendations are to ensure that both researchers and the public receive optimum returns on the public investments in research, and to build on the value chain of investments in research and research data. To some extent, research data are shared today, often quite extensively within established networks, using both the latest technology and innovative management techniques. The Follow Up Group drew on the experiences of several of these networks to examine the roles and responsibilities of governments as they relate to data produced from publicly funded research. The objective was to seek good practices that can be used by national governments, international bodies, and scientists in other areas of research. In doing so, the Group developed an analytical framework for determining where further improvements can be made in the national and international organization, management, and regulation of research data.The findings and recommendations presented here are based on the central principle that publicly funded research data should be openly available to the maximum extent possible. Availability should be subject only to national security restrictions; protection of confidentiality and privacy; intellectual property rights; and time-limited exclusive use by principal investigators. Publicly funded research data are a public good, produced in the public interest. As such they should remain in the public realm. This does not preclude the subsequent commercialization of research results in patents and copyrights, or of the data themselves in databases, but it does mean that a copy of the data must be maintained and made openly accessible. Implicitly or explicitly, this principle is recognized by many of the world’s leading scientific institutions, organizations, andagencies. Expanding the adoption of this principle to national and international stages will enable researchers, empower citizens and convey tremendous scientific, economic, and social benefits. Evidence from the case studies and from other investigation undertaken for this report suggest that successful research data access and sharing arrangements, or regimes, share a number of key attributes and operating principles. These bring effective organization and management to the distribution and exchange of data. The key attributes include: openness; transparency of access and active dissemination; the assignment and assumption of formal responsibilities; interoperability; quality control; operational efficiency and flexibility; respect for private intellectual property and other ethical and legal matters; accountability; and professionalism. Whether they are discipline-specific or issue oriented, national or international, the regimes that adhere to these operating principles reap the greatest returns from the use of research data. There are five broad groups of issues that stand out in any examination of research data access and sharing regimes. The Follow Up Group used these as an analytical framework for examining the case studies that informed this report, and in doing so, came to several broad conclusions: • Technological issues: Broad access to research data, and their optimum exploitation, requires appropriately designed technological infrastructure, broad international agreement on interoperability, and effective data quality controls; • Institutional and managerial issues: While the core open access principle applies to all science communities, the diversity of the scientific enterprise suggests that a variety of institutional models and tailored data management approaches are most effective in meeting the needs of researchers; • Financial and budgetary issues: Scientific data infrastructure requires continued, and dedicated, budgetary planning and appropriate financial support. The use of research data cannot be maximized if access, management, and preservation costs are an add-on or after-thought in research projects; • Legal and policy issues: National laws and international agreements directly affect data access and sharing practices, despite the fact that they are often adopted without due consideration of the impact on the sharing of publicly funded research data; • Cultural and behavioural issues: Appropriate reward structures are a necessary component for promoting data access and sharing practices. These apply to both those who produce and those who manage research data.The case studies and other research conducted for this report suggest that concrete, beneficial actions can be taken by the different actors involved in making possible access to, and sharing of, publicly funded research data. This includes the OECD as an international organization with credibility and stature in the science policy area. The Follow Up Group recommends that the OECD consider the following: • Put the issues of data access and sharing on the agenda of the next Ministerial meeting; • In conjunction with relevant member country research organizations, o Conduct or coordinate a study to survey national laws and policies that affect data access and sharing practices; o Conduct or coordinate a study to compile model licensing agreements and templates for access to and sharing of publicly funded data; • With the rapid advances in scientific communications made possible by recent developments in ICTs, there are many aspects of research data access and sharing that have not been addressed sufficiently by this report, would benefit from further study, and will need further clarification. Accordingly, further possible actions areas include: o Governments from OECD expand their policy frameworks of research data access and sharing to include data produced from a mixture of public and private funds; o OECD consider examinations of research data access and sharing to include issues of interacting with developing countries; and o OECD promote further research, including a comprehensive economic analysis of existing data access regimes, at both the national and research project or program levels.National governments have a crucial role to play in promoting and supporting data accessibility since they provide the necessary resources, establish overall polices for data management, regulate matters such as the protection of confidentiality and privacy, and determine restrictions based on national security. Most importantly, national governments are responsible for major research support and funding organizations, and it is here that many of the managerial aspects ofdata sharing need to be addressed. Drawing on good practices worldwide, the Follow Up Group suggests that national governments should consider the following: • Adopt and effectively implement the principle that data produced from publicly funded research should be openly vailable to the maximum extent possible; • Encourage their research funding agencies and major data producing departments to work together to find ways to enhance access to statistical data, such as census materials and surveys; • Adopt free access or marginal cost pricing policies for the dissemination of researchuseful data produced by government departments and agencies; • Analyze, assess, and monitor policies, programs, and management practices related to data access and sharing polices within their national research and research funding organizations. The widespread national, international and cross-disciplinary sharing of research data is no longer a technological impossibility. Technology itself, however, will not fulfill the promise of escience.Information and communication technologies provide the physical infrastructure. It is up to national governments, international agencies, research institutions, and scientists themselves to ensure that the institutional, financial and economic, legal, and cultural and behavioural aspects of data sharing are taken into account

International energy trends. 3rd quarter 1977 and recent trends

For the first three quarters of 1977 energy consumption in OECD countries was 2.7% higher than for the same period in 1976. During the same period industrial production rose by 4.5% and gross domestic product by 4.0%. Thus energy growth remained low in relation to economic activity. This was the case particularly in Europe (0.6% in energy and 2.0% in GDP) and in Japan (3.6% in energy and 6.5% in GDP). In the OECD area coal consumption rose by 1.2% and oil consumption by 3.7%

La reprise en bonne voie ?

Ce texte s’appuie sur les perspectives 2016-2018 pour l’économie mondiale et la zone euro dont une version complète est disponible ici. Les chiffres de croissance pour l’année 2016 ont confirmé le scénario d’une reprise mondiale qui se généralise progressivement. Dans la zone euro, jusqu’ici à la traîne de ce mouvement, la croissance a atteint 1,7 %, soutenue notamment par une bonne dynamique de croissance en Espagne, en Irlande, aux Pays-Bas et en Allemagne. Le trou d’air sur la croissance américaine en début d’année s’est certes traduit par un ralentissement de la progression du PIB en 2016 par rapport à 2015 (1,6 % contre 2,6 %) mais le chômage a poursuivi sa décrue, repassant sous le seuil de 5 %. Quant aux pays en développement, qui avaient été marqués par le ralentissement de l’économie chinoise et celui du commerce mondial en 2015, ils ont ré-accéléré avec une croissance gagnant 0,2 point (3,9 %) en 2016. Avec une augmentation du PIB proche de 3 %, l’économie mondiale semble donc résiliente et la situation conjoncturelle apparaît moins morose qu’on ne pouvait le craindre il y a 18 mois, les facteurs négatifs s’étant avérés moins virulents qu’attendu. La mutation de l’économie chinoise vers un modèle de croissance reposant sur la demande intérieure n’a pas provoqué d’atterrissage brutal de l’économie chinoise mais un ralentissement contrôlé par la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques de soutien à la croissance. Si la question de la soutenabilité de la dette grecque n’est toujours pas définitivement réglée, la crise qui a éclaté au cours de l’été 2015 ne s’est pas traduite par la dislocation de l’union monétaire, et l’élection d’Emmanuel Macron à la présidence de la République française a atténué les craintes d’un éclatement de la zone euro. Si la question du Brexit reste toujours posée, il n’en demeure pas moins que jusqu'ici, le choc n’a pas eu l’effet catastrophique annoncé. [Premiers paragraphes]This text is based on the 2016-2018 outlook for the world economy and the euro zone, a full version of which is available here [in French]. The growth figures for 2016 have confirmed the picture of a global recovery that is gradually becoming more general. In the euro zone, which up to now had lagged behind, growth has reached 1.7%, driven in particular by strong momentum in Spain, Ireland, the Netherlands and Germany. The air pocket that troubled US growth at the start of the year translated into slower GDP growth in 2016 than in 2015 (1.6% vs. 2.6%), but unemployment has continued to decline, to below the 5% threshold. The developing countries, which in 2015 were hit by the slowdown in the Chinese economy and in world trade, picked up steam, gaining 0.2 point (to 3.9%) in 2016. With GDP growing at nearly 3%, the world economy thus seems resilient, and the economic situation appears less gloomy than was feared 18 months ago – the negative factors have turned out to be less virulent than expected. The Chinese economy’s shift towards a growth model based on domestic demand has led not to its abrupt landing but to a controlled slowdown based on the implementation of public policies to prop up growth. Even though the sustainability of Greece’s debt has still not been resolved, the crisis that erupted in the summer of 2015 did not result in the disruption of the monetary union, and the election of Emmanuel Macron to the presidency of the French Republic has calmed fears that the euro zone would break up. While the question of Brexit is still on the table, the fact remains that until now the shock has not had the catastrophic effect some had forecast. [Firsts paragraphs

Début de quinquennat : emploi dynamique, chômage élevé

Les chiffres du chômage du mois d’avril 2017, publiés par Pôle emploi, font apparaître une baisse du nombre de demandeurs d’emploi en fin de mois (DEFM) en catégorie A (-37 700 personnes en France). Cette baisse fait suite à une forte hausse au mois de mars, après deux mois de relative stabilité. Si l’on ajoute aux inscrits en catégorie A ceux ayant réalisé une activité réduite au cours du mois (catégories B et C), l’évolution mensuelle d’avril indique une hausse des demandeurs d’emploi de 30 900 personnes. [Premier paragraphe

Uranium : resources production and demand

In August 1965, a report entitled "World Uranium and Thorium Resources" was published by the European Nuclear Energy Agency, on the basis of an examination carried out by the ENEA Study Group on the Long-Term Role of Nuclear Energy in Western Europe. It was foreseen at the time of publication that the results of this examination would need to be updated at intervals, and inDecember 1967 a second report, "Uranium Resources, Revised Estimates" was published. In order to enlarge the geographical coverage of the study, and to receive the advice of experts from uranium-producing countries outside the OECD area, this revision was made jointly with the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. During 1968 a joint ENEA/IAEA Working Party prepared a first report on "Uranium Production and Short Term Demand", in an attempt to relate information on uranium production supplied by the members of the Working Party, with a prediction of the probable demand over the next ten years. The report was published in January 1969. In September 1970 a report on "Uranium Resources, Production and Demand" was published jointly by ENEA and the IAEA. This reportcontained an updating of the uranium resources position since 1967 which was again carried out by the joint ENEA/IAEA Working Party on Uranium Resources. In addition, the Secretariat had prepared estimates of uranium and separative work requirements which were annexed to the report.The present report is essentially similar to the previous one, in that it contains updated information on uranium resources, production and demand. Part II on Uranium Resources and Production was prepared in the framework of the joint NEA*/IAEA Working Party on Uranium Resources, as was the case in the three foregoing reports* The estimates of requirements for natural and enriched uranium, contained in Part III of the Report, have been prepared by a "Working Party on Uranium Demand", with an international membership set up for this purpose in spring 1972 by the NEA Study Group on the Long-Term Role of Nuclear Energy. As a result of this approach the estimates for uranium and separative work demand are based on corporately agreed input data, and the scope of the demand calculations has been extended considerably through access to relevant computer programs in several participating countries

From austerity to stagnation how to avoid the deflation trap:The independant annual growth survey 2014

Five years after the beginning of the financial turmoil in 2008, the euro area is still in crisis. However, there are some positive signs which have emerged. Some say that the main imbalances are on their way toward resolution. Others claim that the euro’s survival of what has proven to be a major crisis is a step forward in creating a prosperous and sound European Union. Some may rationalize that the European integration process has always progressed by desperate responses to critical situations. Some may even interpret migration flows from peripheral countries to the core, to escape the misery of the crisis, as showing that the optimality of the currency area has improved. Our analysis of the state of the European Union and the euro area is strikingly different. We think that the policies conducted so far, in particular austerity, have failed and that such a failure has a cost. Imbalances have not been solved but only displaced, from current account to unemployment, from public deficit to inequalities. Despite tremendous efforts, private or public debt ratios are still high and deleveraging still stands as the only objective. A large majority of European citizens live in countries still stuck in the crisis and for whom recovery is an abstract concept (table and Figure 1). We think that alternative policies were possible. In addition, we believe that other policies can and should be implemented now to really exit the crisis

The very great recession:Economic outlook updated for the major developed countries in 2012

The growth outlook for the developed countries, in Europe in particular, has deteriorated dramatically in recent weeks. The “voluntary and negotiated” devaluation of Greek sovereign debt securities, which is really nothing but a sovereign default, the wave of budget cuts being announced even as the budget bills are still debated, the inability of the European Union to mobilize its forces in the crisis – all these factors render the forecasts made two months ago obsolete. For many European countries

Direct comparison of agent -based models of herding in financial markets

The present paper tests a new model comparison methodology by comparing multiple calibrations of three agent-based models of financial markets on the daily returns of 24 stock market indices and exchange rate series. The models chosen for this empirical application are the herding model of Gilli and Winker (2003), its asymmetric version by Alfarano et al. (2005) and the more recent model by Franke and Westerhoff (2011), which all share a common lineage to the herding model introduced by Kirman (1993). In addition, standard ARCH processes are included for each financial series to provide a benchmark for the explanatory power of the models. The methodology provides a consistent and statistically significant ranking of the three models. More importantly, it also reveals that the best performing model, Franke and Westerhoff, is generally not distinguishable from an ARCH-type process, suggesting their explanatory power on the data is simila

Culture : une activité capitale (La)

L’Insee, en partenariat avec le Deps (MCC), publie une étude sur l’emploi dans le secteur culturel. Ce dernier représente 3 % de ceux de l’ensemble de l’économie, est caractérisé par une multiplicité de postes occupés dans l’année et est majoritairement exercé à Paris et en Île-de-France (notamment les éditeurs de livres). À noter également une forte part d’emplois indépendants avec près de 65 % dans le secteur de la traduction et de l’interprétation