Single-SNP power calculations for different statistical models for X-linked markers.

<p><b>Panel A</b> shows the simulated power for the sex-stratified model, <b>Panel B</b> shows the power for the model without X-inactivation in females, and <b>Panel C</b> shows the power for the model with X-inactivation. The plots on the left-hand side display power simulations with increasing relative risks and varying sample sizes of case-parent triads, assuming a SNP minor allele frequency (MAF) of 0.2. The plots on the right-hand side show the simulated power with increasing relative risks and MAFs, assuming 600 case-parent triads in the study population (300 case-parent triads for the sex-stratified model). A significance level of 0.05 was used.</p

Single-marker and haplotype analyses in the Asian and European samples <i>with</i> stratification by child’s sex.

<p>The Manhattan plots show the single-marker and haplotype analyses in males and females respectively. The vertical line represents the false discovery rate (FDR) cut-off of 0.1 for declaring statistical significance.</p

Q-value plot for all analyses generating q-values ≤0.1.

<p>The q-value plot summarizes the results for all the SNPs and haplotypes generating q-values ≤0.1. The coding of the haplotypes (h1-h43) is provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0183772#pone.0183772.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Effects of rs5981162 when estimated separately for boys and girls under the multiplicative model.

<p>Left black arrow: relative (reduction in) risk for girls inheriting a single dose of the allele “c”, RRG1 = 0.57. Red arrow: relative (reduction in) risk for girls inheriting a double dose of the allele “c”, RRG2 = RRG1·RRG1 = 0.32. Right black arrow: relative (reduction in) risk for boys inheriting a single dose of the allele “c”, RRB = 0.49. Grey dashed line shows that the effect for boys falls in between what would be expected from X-inactivation and no X-inactivation in girls.</p

Coding of the haplotypes used in Fig 4.

<p>Coding of the haplotypes used in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0183772#pone.0183772.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>.</p

An illustration of the HAPLIN model for the X-chromosome.

<p>The red arrows show the relative risks (RR) associated with girls inheriting a double dose of the risk allele “a”, RRG2. Under the multiplicative risk model illustrated here, RRG2 = RRG1·RRG1, where RRG1 is the relative risk associated with girls inheriting a single dose of “a”. Under the assumption of X-inactivation (<b>Panel A</b>), the risk increase for girls inheriting a double dose of “a” is no larger than the increase for boys (RRB) inheriting the “a” allele, i.e. RRG2 = RRB. Under the assumption of no X-inactivation (<b>Panel B</b>), the risk increase for girls inheriting a single dose of “a” is the same as the increase for boys when inheriting the “a”, i.e. RRG1 = RRB, whereas the increase for girls inheriting a double dose is larger. The model allows different baseline prevalences for girls versus boys, here 40 versus 50 per 10 000, respectively.</p

Synopsis of all genes with which associations were identified in this study.

<p>Synopsis of all genes with which associations were identified in this study.</p

Profile and Morphology of Fungal Aerosols Characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)

<div><p>Fungal aerosols consist of spores and fragments with diverse array of morphologies; however, the size, shape, and origin of the constituents require further characterization. In this study, we characterize the profile of aerosols generated from <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>, <i>A. versicolor,</i> and <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> grown for 8 weeks on gypsum boards. Fungal particles were aerosolized at 12 and 20 L min⁻¹ using the Fungal Spore Source Strength Tester (FSSST) and the Stami particle generator (SPG). Collected particles were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). We observed spore particle fraction consisting of single spores and spore aggregates in four size categories, and a fragment fraction that contained submicronic fragments and three size categories of larger fragments. Single spores dominated the aerosols from <i>A. fumigatus</i> (median: 53%), while the submicronic fragment fraction was the highest in the aerosols collected from <i>A. versicolor</i> (median: 34%) and <i>P. chrysogenum</i> (median: 31%). Morphological characteristics showed near spherical particles that were only single spores, oblong particles that comprise some spore aggregates and fragments (<3.5 μm), and fiber-like particles that regroup chained spore aggregates and fragments (>3.5 μm). Further, the near spherical particles dominated the aerosols from <i>A. fumigatus</i> (median: 53%), while oblong particles were dominant in the aerosols from <i>A. versicolor</i> (68%) and <i>P. chrysogenum</i> (55%). Fiber-like particles represented 21% and 24% of the aerosols from <i>A. versicolor</i> and <i>P. chrysogenum,</i> respectively. This study shows that fungal particles of various size, shape, and origin are aerosolized, and supports the need to include a broader range of particle types in fungal exposure assessment.</p></div

Haplotype analyses of male cases only using up to 4 SNPs per sliding-window, Model 3.

<p>Haplotype analyses of male cases only using up to 4 SNPs per sliding-window, Model 3.</p

Haplotype analyses using up to 4 SNPs per sliding-window, Model 2.

<p>Haplotype analyses using up to 4 SNPs per sliding-window, Model 2.</p