A Longitudinal Study of Anxious and Depressive Symptomology and Pain Medication Usage

Evidence suggests that depression and anxiety may be related to pain medication use in a bidirectional manner. Understanding the relationship of these factors is of heightened importance due to the extensive use of long-term opioid pain medication therapy for treatment of adults suffering from chronic pain. The present study, utilizing a large longitudinal sample from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS), examined the relationship between depression, anxiety, gender, and pain medication usage in individuals with chronic pain over an almost 20-year span. Structural equation modeling found stability of depression and anxiety in individuals with chronic pain. It also appears that both anxiety and depression may have a bidirectional positive relationship in this population. As expected, pain medication use predicted later use at 10 years. Surprisingly, pain medication use was not strongly related to later negative affect in this sample. However, heightened anxiety was associated with later pain medication use. Gender effects were nonsignificant. Implications for those who are prescribed pain medications over a long term are discussed

Basis Data For Cattle

This publication presents average, low, and high basis values for slaughter cattle in five market areas: Interior Iowa-Southern Minnesota, Sioux City, Omaha, St. Louis, and Peoria. The basis values are shown in tables 1-6. To find the three basis figures for a given date and market, find the table and line for the date, then read the basis figures from the desired market column. To use the basis values in estimating the slaughter cattle price with a hedge, follow the procedure outlined in worksheet 1

Return And Risk Of Iowa Cattle Feeding Under Two Alternate Programs, 1968-1978

Budgeted returns in Iowa from two cattle feeding-program • are summarized monthly in tables 5 and 6 (in Appendix A) and plotted in charts 1 and 2 (in Appendix B). The two feeding programs are finishing steer calves and yearling steers,. The monthly profit (loss)- figure provides an estimate of returns on cattle sold during that month, considering the initial purchase price of-the animal and estimated production costs during the feeding period..

Hvordan erfarer kroppsøvingslærere guttenes garderobe - og dusjkultur?

Sammendrag: Temaet i denne masterstudien handler om hvordan kroppsøvingslærere erfarer guttenes garderobe – og dusjkultur på ungdomstrinnet. Formålet med studien er å finne ut hva et utvalg av kroppsøvingslærere erfarer som mulige årsaker til manglende – eller ingen deltakelse blant guttene i garderobe – og dusjkulturen på ungdomstrinnet. Studien skal presentere relevante resultater og sentrale funn basert på hvordan kroppsøvingslærerne erfarer og tenker at ulike faktorer påvirker for manglende – eller ingen deltakelse blant guttene i garderobe – og dusjkulturen. For å besvare problemstilling ««Hvordan erfarer kroppsøvingslærere guttenes garderobe – og dusjkultur, og hva tenker læreren påvirker denne kulturen», ble kvalitativ metode benyttet. Til å innhente datamaterialet for studien, ble det gjennomført semistrukturerte intervjuer med et utvalg av fire kroppsøvingslærere på ungdomsskolen. For å skaffe en dypere forståelse og samle inn mer informasjon om informantenes opplevelser og erfaringer ble det utarbeidet tre underordnete forskningsspørsmål: 1. Hvilke unnvikelsesstrategier erfarer kroppsøvingslæreren at guttene benytter seg av som årsaker til manglende – eller ingen deltakelse i garderobe – og dusjpraksisen? 2. Hva tenker kroppsøvingslæreren om hvordan guttenes trivsel påvirker for deltakelsen i garderobe – og dusjpraksisen? 3. Hva tenker kroppsøvingslæreren om krenkende språkbruk, og hvilke konsekvenser dette kan ha for de elevene som faller utenfor de forventede og uuttalte kjønnsnormene i garderobe – og dusjkulturen. Resultatene Resultatene i studien viser at har skjedd store endringer i garderobe – og dusjpraksisen blant guttene på ungdomstrinnene i kroppsøvingsfaget. Kroppsøvingslærerne forteller at nåtidens kroppskultur er mer kompleks og sammensatt, enn det som var tilfellet for bare 10-15 år siden. Mønsteret i resultatene viser at kroppsøvingslærerne erfarer at det komplekse fokuset på kroppskulturen kan ses i lys av sosiale medier som er med på å påvirke til å skape en kroppskultur som fokuserer på det idealistiske, og lærerne tenker at dette fører til at guttene baserer eget kroppsbilde på skjønnhetsidealene som blir fremstilt i sosiale medier. Dette fører til et økt fokus på kroppen, og kan bidra til at selvoppfattelsen til guttene reduseres. Kroppsøvingslærerne tenker også at denne kroppskulturen som skapes i sosiale medier, bidrar til at guttene tar i bruk såkalte «unnvikelsesstrategier» fra garderobe – og dusjpraksisen. Et hovedfunn som kommer frem i analysen av resultatene er at språkkulturen erfares blant kroppsøvingslærerne som en av de mest sentrale årsakene til at guttene unnviker garderobe – og dusjpraksisen. Kroppsøvingslærerne erfarer at flere gutter tar i bruk homofobiske utrykk, og forklarer hvordan de tenker at dette påvirker deltakelsen til de elevene som faller utenfor de forventede og uuttalte kjønnsnormene i garderobe – og dusjkulturen. Basert på mønsteret i resultatene blir sosiale medier og språkkulturen trukket frem av kroppsøvingslærerne som de faktorene som påvirker i størst grad for guttenes garderobe – og dusjkultur, men også andre faktorer blir belyst i denne studien, og disse er blant annet: nakenhet, trivsel, idrettsbakgrunn og frivillighet, språkkultur, praktiske årsaker, puberteten, legning – og kjønnsnormer. Nøkkelord: selvoppfattelse, kroppsbilde, kroppsfokus, sosiale medier, puberteten, trivsel, idrettsbakgrunn og frivillighet, krenkende språkkultur, legning og kjønnsnormer.The theme of this master`s study is about how physical education teachers experience the boy`s wardrobe and shower culture in lower secondary school. The purpose of the study is to find out and present relevant results and key findings of what selection of physical education teachers thinks and experiences as possible reasons for lack of participation among boys in the wardrobe – and shower culture, in lower secondary school. To answer the question: «How do physical education teachers experience the boy`s wardrobe and shower culture, and what does the teacher think influences this culture”, a qualitative method was used. To obtain data material for the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of four physical education teachers at the secondary middle school level. Three subordinate research questions were drawn up to gain a deeper understanding and gather more information about the informant`s experiences. 1. What avoidance strategies does the physical teacher find that boys use as reason for lack – or no participation in the wardrobe and shower practice? 2. What does the physical education teacher think about how the boys` well-being affects participation in the wardrobe and shower practice? 3. What does the physical education teacher think about offensive language, and what consequences this may have for those students who fall outside the expected and unspoken gender norms in wardrobe and shower culture? Results: The findings of the study show that major changes in physical education have taken place in the wardrobe and shower practice, among boys in the lower secondary school. Physical education teachers say that today`s body culture is more complex now, compared to 10-15 years ago. The pattern in the results show that physical education teachers find that the complex focus on body culture can be seen in relation to social media, that create a body culture that focuses on the idealistic, and the teachers thinks the boys tends to compare their own body image with the beauty ideals portrayed in social media. This leads to an increased focus on their body and contributes to a reduced self-perception. The physical teachers also believe that this body culture created in social media contributes to boys adopting so-called “avoidances strategies” from the wardrobe and shower practice. A main finding that emerges from the result analysis is that language culture is experienced among physical among physical teachers as one of the most central reasons why boys avoid changing rooms and shower practices. The physical education teachers experience that boys use more homophobic expressions. They think that this affects the participation of those students who falls outside the expected and unspoken gender norms in the wardrobe and shower culture. Based on the pattern in the research results, social media and language culture are highlighted by the physical education teachers as the factors that influence the boys` changing room and shower culture of the greatest extent. This study also emphasizes other factors such as nudity, well-being, sports background and volunteerism, language culture, practical reasons, puberty, sexual orientations, and gender norms. Keywords: self-perception, body image, body focus, social media, puberty, well-being, sports background and volunteering, offensive language culture, sexual orientations, and gender norms