132 research outputs found
Bipolar High Field Excitations in Co/Cu/Co Nanopillars
Current-induced magnetic excitations in Co/Cu/Co bilayer nanopillars
(50 nm in diameter) have been studied experimentally at low temperatures
for large applied fields perpendicular to the layers. At sufficiently high
current densities excitations, which lead to a decrease in differential
resistance, are observed for both current polarities. Such bipolar excitations
are not expected in a single domain model of spin-transfer. We propose that at
high current densities strong asymmetries in the longitudinal spin accumulation
cause spin-wave instabilities transverse to the current direction in bilayer
samples, similar to those we have reported for single magnetic layer junctions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures+ 2 additional jpg figures (Fig. 2d and Fig. 3)
high resolution figures and recent related articles are available at:
http://www.physics.nyu.edu/kentlab/news.htm
Electronic transport and quantum Hall effect in bipolar graphene p-n-p junction
We have developed a device fabrication process to pattern graphene into
nanostructures of arbitrary shape and control their electronic properties using
local electrostatic gates. Electronic transport measurements have been used to
characterize locally gated bipolar graphene -- junctions. We observe a
series of fractional quantum Hall conductance plateaus at high magnetic fields
as the local charge density is varied in the and regions. These
fractional plateaus, originating from chiral edge states equilibration at the
- interfaces, exhibit sensitivity to inter-edge backscattering which is
found to be strong for some of the plateuas and much weaker for other plateaus.
We use this effect to explore the role of backscattering and estimate disorder
strength in our graphene devices.Comment: 4 pages 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. Original version
arXiv:0705.3044v1 was separated and expanded to this current version and
arXiv:0709.173
Current-Induced Effective Magnetic Fields in Co/Cu/Co Nanopillars
We present a method to measure the effective field contribution to
spin-transfer-induced interactions between the magnetic layers in a trilayer
nanostructure, which enables spin-current effects to be distinguished from the
usual charge-current-induced magnetic fields. This technique is demonstrated on
submicron Co/Cu/Co nanopillars. The hysteresis loop of one of the magnetic
layers in the trilayer is measured as a function of current while the direction
of magnetization of the other layer is kept fixed, first in one direction and
then in the opposite direction. These measurements show a current-dependent
shift of the hysteresis loop which, based on the symmetry of the magnetic
response, we associate with spin-transfer. The observed loop-shift with applied
current at room temperature is reduced in measurements at 4.2 K. We interprete
these results both in terms of a spin-current dependent effective activation
barrier for magnetization reversal and a spin-current dependent effective
magnetic field. From data at 4.2 K we estimate the magnitude of the
spin-transfer induced effective field to be Oe
cm/A, about a factor of 5 less than the spin-transfer torque.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Current-Induced Magnetization Reversal in High Magnetic Fields in Co/Cu/Co Nanopillars
Current-induced magnetization dynamics in Co/Cu/Co trilayer nanopillars
(~100nm in diameter) has been studied experimentally for large applied fields
perpendicular to the layers. An abrupt and hysteretic increase in dynamic
resistance is observed at high current densities for one polarity of the
current, comparable to the giant magnetoresistance effect observed at low
fields. A micromagnetic model, that includes a spin-transfer torque, suggests
that the current induces a complete reversal of the thin Co layer to alignment
antiparallel to the applied field-that is, to a state of maximum magnetic
energy.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, (submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.), added missing
figure caption of fig. 3, updated to published versio
Graphene Transport at High Carrier Densities using a Polymer Electrolyte Gate
We report the study of graphene devices in Hall-bar geometry, gated with a
polymer electrolyte. High densities of 6 are
consistently reached, significantly higher than with conventional back-gating.
The mobility follows an inverse dependence on density, which can be correlated
to a dominant scattering from weak scatterers. Furthermore, our measurements
show a Bloch-Gr\"uneisen regime until 100 K (at 6.2 ),
consistent with an increase of the density. Ubiquitous in our experiments is a
small upturn in resistivity around 3 , whose origin is
discussed. We identify two potential causes for the upturn: the renormalization
of Fermi velocity and an electrochemically-enhanced scattering rate.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, Published Versio
Scattering theory of spin-orbit active adatoms on graphene
The scattering of two-dimensional massless Dirac fermions from local spin-orbit interactions with an origin in dilute concentrations of physisorbed atomic species on graphene is theoretically investigated. The hybridization between graphene and the adatoms' orbitals lifts spin and valley degeneracies of the pristine host material, giving rise to rich spin-orbit coupling mechanisms with features determined by the exact adsorption position on the honeycomb lattice - bridge, hollow, or top position - and the adatoms' outer-shell orbital type. Effective graphene-only Hamiltonians are derived from symmetry considerations, while a microscopic tight-binding approach connects effective low-energy couplings and graphene-adatom hybridization parameters. Within the T-matrix formalism, a theory for (spin-dependent) scattering events involving graphene's charge carriers, and the spin-orbit active adatoms is developed. Spin currents associated with intravalley and intervalley scattering are found to tend to oppose each other. We establish that under certain conditions, hollow-position adatoms give rise to the spin Hall effect, through skew scattering, while top-position adatoms induce transverse charge currents via trigonal potential scattering. We also identify the critical Fermi energy range where the spin Hall effect is dramatically enhanced, and the associated transverse spin currents can be reversed
Transport properties of graphene with one-dimensional charge defects
We study the effect of extended charge defects in electronic transport
properties of graphene. Extended defects are ubiquitous in chemically and
epitaxially grown graphene samples due to internal strains associated with the
lattice mismatch. We show that at low energies these defects interact quite
strongly with the 2D Dirac fermions and have an important effect in the
DC-conductivity of these materials.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. published version: one figure, appendix and
references adde
Dynamical spin injection at a quasi-one-dimensional ferromagnet-graphene interface
We present a study of dynamical spin injection from a three-dimensional ferromagnet into two-dimensional single-layer graphene. Comparative ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) studies of ferromagnet/graphene strips buried underneath the central line of a coplanar waveguide show that the FMR linewidth broadening is the largest when the graphene layer protrudes laterally away from the ferromagnetic strip, indicating that the spin current is injected into the graphene areas away from the area directly underneath the ferromagnet being excited. Our results confirm that the observed damping is indeed a signature of dynamical spin injection, wherein a pure spin current is pumped into the single-layer graphene from the precessing magnetization of the ferromagnet. The observed spin pumping efficiency is difficult to reconcile with the expected backflow of spins according to the standard spin pumping theory and the characteristics of graphene, and constitutes an enigma for spin pumping in two-dimensional structures
Investigation into cardiac sympathetic innervation during the commencement of haemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease
Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who undergo chronic haemodialysis (HD) show altered sympathetic tone, which is related to a higher cardiovascular mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transition from pre-HD to HD on cardiac sympathetic innervation. Methods: Eighteen patients aged 58 ± 18 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), 13 males and five females, with stage 5 CKD and nine healthy control subjects aged 52 ± 17 (mean ± SD), three males and six females, were included in this prospective study between May 2010 and December 2013. All patients underwent 123I-labelled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy for cardiac sympathetic innervation and electrocardiographically gated adenosine stress and rest 99mTc-labelled tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography for myocardial perfusion imaging prior to (pre-HD) and 6 months after the start of HD. Results of 123I-MIBG scans in patients were compared to controls. Impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation was defined as late heart-to-mediastinum ratio (HMR) < 2.0. Results: Mean late HMR was lower in patients during HD (2.3) than in controls (2.9) (p = 0.035); however, in patients it did not differ between pre-HD and after the start of HD. During HD, two patients showed new sympathetic innervation abnormalities, and in three patients innervation abnormalities seemed to coincide with myocardial perfusion abnormalities. Conclusions: CKD patients show cardiac sympathetic innervation abnormalities, which do not seem to progress during the maintenance HD. The relationship between sympathetic innervation abnormalities and myocardial perfusion abnormalities in HD patients needs further exploration
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