An investigation of functional quality characteristics and water interactions of navy bean, chickpea, pea, and lentil flours

Legume flours are great sources of protein, dietary fiber, starch, minerals, and vitamins. In recent years, the utilization of different legume flours in food systems has gained attention due to their sustainable and functional properties. This study aimed to characterize and examine the water interactions of different legume flours: navy bean, chickpea, pea, and lentil. For this purpose, in addition to the standard techniques (proximal analysis, Fourier transform infrared, protein solubility, and water solubility/absorption index), time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) relaxometry was also performed to explain the molecular interactions in the flours. Based on the results, carbohydrate and protein content of legume flours varied from 67.44 to 72.23 (g/100 g dw) and 23.19 to 27.03 (g/100 g dw) with low fat (0.86–5.44 [g/100 g dw]) and moisture content (6.01–8.14 [g/100 g dw]). Despite the slight differences in their compositions being small, moisture, protein, and carbohydrate contents influenced flour–water interactions. Thus, flour–water mixtures were assessed, and findings showed that water solubility index (WSI) followed the order: chickpea > lentil > navy bean > pea, whereas water absorption index (WAI) followed the order: pea > navy bean > lentil > chickpea. T2 relaxation times measured by NMR and protein solubility results were also in accordance with these results. The results of this study demonstrated that legume flours that were investigated offered potential for commercial applications. Because various food applications require different flour–water interactions, a suitable flour can be selected by considering these results

Stability of acidified milk drinks: Comparison of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and thermal treatments

There is a search for effective stabiliser activity and alternative pasteurisation techniques for acidified milk drinks (AMD). In the present study, AMD were prepared at three different pH (4.0, 4.5 and 5.0) and high methoxyl pectin (HMP) levels (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8%) by thermal (75 °C, 15 min) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (100, 300 and 500 MPa, 5 min) treatments. To achieve minimum steric stability, 0.5% HMP was required. HMP at 0.5%, pH 4.0 and 4.5, produced high protein solubility (60–70%), low storage sedimentation (10–15%) and mean particle size values in the range of 1.70–3.00 μm for all samples. Heat treatment induced lower particle size variation than HHP treatment. Heat-treated samples also showed lower Turbiscan stability index (TSI) values and smaller delta backscattering (ΔBS) variations. Nonetheless, HHP could replace heat treatment at 0.5% HMP concentration and pH 4.0–4.5. © 2022 Elsevier Lt

Investigation of the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the functional properties of pea protein isolate

This study investigates the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on some functional properties of pea protein isolate (PPI). HHP was combined with various temperature and pH conditions to investigate the combined effects of HHP-based food processing conditions on the functional properties of PPI. Herein, PPI solutions prepared at different pH conditions (3.0, 5.0, and 7.0) were subjected to 300, 400, and 500 MPa HHP treatment at 25 and 50°C for 5 min. Water-holding capacity (WHC), solubility, and emulsification activity of PPI samples were determined. Additionally, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments were performed for further analysis. Maximum WHC (p < 0.05) was observed for the samples treated at 500 MPa-pH 5.0-50°C whereas maximum solubility (p < 0.05) belonged to the samples subjected to 300 MPa-pH 7.0-50°C treatment conditions. Better emulsification activity was achieved at pH 3.0 regardless of the pressure level applied. The novelty of this study is that NMR relaxometry was introduced as a fast/nondestructive technique to investigate the changes in the functional properties of PPI samples and one of the functional parameters was correlated with NMR relaxation data. Herewith, the longest transverse relaxation time (T2) (p < 0.05) belonged to the samples with maximum WHC. The results showed that HHP is able to modify the functional properties of PPI at specific temperature-pH combinations, and NMR relaxometry technique has a high potential for such studies. Practical Applications: High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is an emerging technology which is used for its diverse range of applications in food science and technology. Modification of physicochemical and functional properties of food ingredients is one of the latest applications of HHP treatment. This study demonstrated that HHP treatment was able to modify some functional properties of pea protein isolate (PPI) samples such as water-holding capacity (WHC), solubility, and emulsification activity. In addition to pressure level, pH and temperature were also effective on modifying the functional properties of PPI samples. For instance, a high pressure (500 MPa) was required to improve WHC whereas lower pressures (300 MPa) improved the solubility of the samples at high pH and temperature. The results of this study could be used in model HHP studies to improve some functional properties of PPI for different purposes. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC

Challenges in dried whey powder production: Quality problems

Whey is a high nutritional value by-product of the dairy industry. It is generally produced in large quantities and its disposal as wastewater poses environmental risks. For this reason, whey streams are used for the production of value-added products such as dried whey powders. However, there are several challenges related to whey processing that lead to low powder yield and quality, especially caking. These challenges can be addressed by optimization of product formulation and processing parameters. In this review, we discuss the effects of dried whey protein powder production stages and process parameters on the quality of the final powder product. The initial composition of whey used for dried whey powder production affects the final quality of the product. Generally, a high mineral and/or lactic acid content is not desirable since these constituents cause lactose-containing whey particles to adhere to the drying equipment surfaces, thereby reducing the powder yield. An effective lactose pre-crystallization is essential since high amorphous lactose content increases the stickiness of the dried-whey powder particles and induces caking during storage. Therefore, whey should undergo filtration and lactose pre-crystallization before spray drying. Studies show that it is possible to retard caking and improve the quality attributes of dried whey powders by optimizing the product formulation and processing operations. © 2022 Elsevier Lt

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study of Palm Kernel Stearin: Effects of cooling rate on crystallization behaviour

In this study, effects of different cooling rates (0.5,3.3,4.7 and 6.9 degrees C/min) on the crystallization behavior of palm-kernel-stearin (PKS) were studied by low-field NMR relaxometry. According to results, solid fat content (SFC), longitudinal relaxation time (T1), second moment (M2) and degree of crystallinity (%) of the samples increased with increase in cooling rate from 0.5 to 6.9 degrees C/min. In contrast, transverse relaxation time (T2) demonstrated an opposite behavior with respect to T1 and decreased when the cooling rate increased. Additionally, effects of cooling rate on the changes of polymorph structures were detected by X-ray measurements. Degree of crystallinity showed high Pearson correlation values (alpha <= 0.05) with SFC (r = 0.771) and T1(r = 0.932). Changes in the crystal polymorphs could also be explained by NMR parameters to some extent as can be observed by the strong correlation between the 13 crystal content and T2 (r = 0.927). At the highest cooling rate, 13 ' crystals were the dominant polymorphic form and constituted 75(%) of the total crystals present. Results of this study suggested that NMR relaxometry could be used as a complementary tool to interpret the crystallization behavior of PKS

Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG) ve NMR Relaksometre Teknikleri Kullanılarak Karakterize Edilen Lipozom Sistemleri ile Yag Oksidasyonunu Önleyici Sprey Ürün Geliştirilmesi

TÜBİTAK TOVAG15.02.2017Lipozomlar hem hidrofobik hem de hidrofilik bileşiklerin kapsüle edilmesi amaçlı farmasötik, kişisel bakım, kimya ve gıda endüstrisinde kullanılan, polar yapılar içeren iki tabakalı küresel yağ kesecikleridir. Bu yapılardan oluşan enkapsülasyon sistemlerinin biyo-uyumlu, biyobozunur olmaları, toksik etkilerinin olmaması ve istenildiğinde kapsüllenmiş maddeyi salabilmesi özellikleri bu sistemleri birçok yönden avantajlı kılmaktadır. Ayrıca, polimer bazlı enkapsülasyon sistemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, kullanıldığı ortamın viskozite değerini ve tekstürel özelliklerini fazla değiştirmemesi de diğer avantajlarıdır. Lipozom elde etmek için kullanılan polar yağların doğadaki başlıca kaynakları; yumurta ve soya lesitinidir. Bu çalışmada, bu iki kaynaktan elde edilen lesitinlerden hazırlanan lipozomlar hazırlanmış, soya lesiti ile hazırlananların dayanıklılıkları fazla olduğundan bu lipozomların içerisine antioksidan aktivite gösteren fenolik bileşikler kapsüle edilerek, yağ oksidasyonunu engellemek üzere kullanılacak sprey bir ürün elde edilmiştir. Sprey uygulama için oksidasyona hassas bir gıda olan fındık seçilmiştir. Elde edilen ürün, tamamen doğal kaynaklar kullanılarak üretildiği içinuygulandığı gıdaya herhangi bir kimyasal eklenti söz konusu olmamıştır. Sprey ürün geliştirme çalışmaları çerçevesinde öncelikli olarak lipozom sistemlerinin karakterizasyonu yapılmış ve ürününün dayanıklılığı incelenmiştir. Son aşamada elde edilen ürünler fındık üzerine uygulanarak, fındıkların duyusal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ürünün karakterizasyonu ve fiziksel dayanıklılığın ölçülmesi için tahribatsız bir ölçme tekniği olan Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG) , NMR Relaksometre başlıca metotlar olarak kullanılmış ancak NMR Relaksometre tekniğinin fiziksel özelliklerle daha iyi bir şekilde ilişkilendirildiği görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda karakterizasyon amaçlı, parçacık boyu analizi, zeta potansiyel, ışık mikroskopu teknikleri de kullanılmıştır. Lipozom sistemlerinin kimyasal dayanıklılık testleri için içsel oksidasyonunu ölçmek amacıyla hidroperoksit ölçümleri spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle belirlenmiş, yeşil çay özütülü lipozomlar için antioksidan, fenolik madde miktarı tayinleri de yapılmıştır. Lipozomların dayanıklılıklarını güçlendirmek için biyopolimer kullanarak kaplama da yapılmış ancak kaplamasız lipozomlara göre dayanıklılıkta ciddi bir fark gözlenmemiştir

Patates dilimlerinin mikrodalga ile kızartılması işleminin optimizasyonu

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of microwave frying process on the quality of potato slices and to optimize the process by using different statistical optimization techniques. Use of microwave frying for food products may be considered as a new way of improving the quality of the fried foods. In the first part of the study, the effects of microwaves on quality of fried potatoes (moisture content, oil content, color and hardness) were studied and the process was optimized by using Taguchi Technique. Microwave power level (400W, 550W and 700W), frying time (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 minutes) and oil type (sunflower, corn and hazelnut oil) were the parameters used in the study. Moisture content of potatoes decreased whereas oil content, hardness and ?E values of the potatoes increased with increasing frying time and microwave power level. The potatoes with the highest oil content were found to be the ones that were fried in the hazelnut oil. The optimum condition was found as frying at 550W microwave power level, for 2.5 minutes in sunflower oil. The potatoes that were fried at the optimum condition were determined to have lower oil contents compared to the ones fried conventionally.In the second part of the study, osmotic dehydration was applied prior to microwave frying process in order to reduce oil uptake and to evaluate the effect of osmotic dehydration with microwaves on quality of fried potatoes. The process was optimized by using both Taguchi Technique and Response Surface Methodology. Microwave power level (400W, 550W and 700W), frying time (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 minutes) and osmotic dehydration time (15, 30, 45 minutes) were the parameters used in the study. Osmotic dehydration treatment was conducted in a salt solution of 20 % (w/w) at 30oC. Moisture content decreased whereas oil content, hardness and ?E value of potatoes increased with increasingM.S. - Master of Scienc

FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ/LİSANSÜSTÜ TEZ PROJESİ

YEŞİL ÇAY ÖZÜTÜ İLE DOLDURULMUŞ LİPOZOM SİSTEMLERİNİN ANTİOKSİTATİF ENKAPSÜLASYON SİSTEMİ OLARAK KARAKTERİZASYON