Investigation on dyeablity of nylon 6 nanofibres with reactive dye

The Dyeablity of nanofibres has been an important challenge to the entire polymer and textile chemist for last decade. The new approaches to provide dyeability of nanofibres increase the cost of the dyeing operation considerably. In this regard nylon 6 electrospun nanofiber was produced. The morphology of resultant nanofibers was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after dyeing with reactive dye (C.I. Reactive Violet 3) and then dyeability of nylon 6 electrospun nanofibers was evaluated. Reactive dyes are organic compounds capable of forming covalent bonds with the nucleophilic groups of fiber polymer chain. When a dye bonds with fiber the dye becomes part of fiber. The SEM results of nylon 6 nanofibers before and after dyeing with reactive dye, extent of exhaustion and extent of fixation showed that nylon 6 nanofibers are dyeable with reactive dye via making covalent band

Ecological printing of madder over various natural fibres

The applicability of madder by using printing technique over various natural fibers was investigated in the study. The effect of different factors, i.e. dye and urea concentration, type of fixation, fixation temperature and time, effect of mordant type and mordanting methods were studied. Printed fabrics were evaluated by means of color values and fastness properties. The K/S increases rapidly as the concentration of the natural dye powder in the printing paste increases from 15 to 45 g/kg printing paste. The effect of mordant on color was also studied. The results show that the highest K/S value was obtained by using mordant. Application of madder with the printing technique is expected to bring a different and an ecological alternative to new designs

Transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium through rat skin from various formulations

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro and in vivo transdermal potential of w/o microemulsion (M) and gel (G) bases for diclofenac sodium (DS). The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a penetration enhancer was also examined when it was added to the M formulation. To study the in vitro potential of these formulations, permeation studies were performed with Franz diffusion cells using excised dorsal rat skin. To investigate their in vivo performance, a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was used. The commercial formulation of DS (C) was used as a reference formulation. The results of the in vitro permeation studies and the paw edema tests were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. The in vitro permeation studies found that M was superior to G and C and that adding DMSO to M increased the permeation rate. The permeability coefficients (Kp) of DS from M and M+DMSO were higher (Kp=4.9×10−3±3.6×10−4 cm/h and 5.3×10−3±1.2×10−3 cm/h, respectively) than the Kp of DS from C (Kp=2.7×10−3±7.3×10−4 cm/h) and G (Kp=4.5×10−3±4.5×10−5 cm/h). In the paw edema test, M showed the best permeation and effectiveness, and M+DMSO had nearly the same effect as M. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that M could be a new, alternative dosage form for effective therapy

Comparison of different water/oil microemulsions containing diclofenac sodium: Preparation, characterization, release rate, and skin irritation studies

The aim of the present study was to make a comparison of the in vitro release rate of diclofenac sodium (DS) from microemulsion (M) vehicles containing soybean oil, nonionic surfactants (Brij 58 and Span 80), and different alcohols (ethanol [E], isopropyl alcohol [I], and propanol [P]) as cosurfactant. The optimum surfactant:cosurfactant (S:CoS) weight ratios and microemulsion areas were detected by the aid of phase diagrams. Three microemulsion formulations were selected, and their physicochemical properties were examined for the pH, viscosity, and conductivity. According to the release rate of DS, M prepared with P showed the significantly highest flux value (0.059±0.018 mg/cm2/h) among all formulations (P<.05). The conductivity results showed that DS-loaded microemulsions have higher conductivity values (18.8–20.2 microsiemens/cm) than unloaded formulations (16.9–17.9 microsiemens/cm), and loading DS into the formulation had no negative effect on system stability. Moreover, viscosity measurements were examined as a function of shear rate, and Newtonian fluid characterization was observed for each microemulsion system. All formulations had appropriate observed pH values varying from 6.70 to 6.85 for topical application. A skin irritation study was performed with microemulsions on human volunteers, and no visible reaction was observed with any of the formulations. In conclusion, M prepared with P may be a more appropriate formulation than the other 2 formulations studied as drug carrier for topical application