Efeitos da irrigação e adubação nitrogenada sobre a produção de matéria seca e qualidade da forragem de cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação sobre a produção de forragem, o teor e a produção de proteína bruta (PB) e o teor de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) de cinco diferentes cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq., submetidos a diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia – Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, durante o período de 06/09/2000 a 26/11/2001. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 5 x 3 x 2. Foram avaliados cinco cultivares: Guiné, Colonião, Mombaça, Tanzânia e Centauro; três doses de nitrogênio: 50, 75 e 100 kg de N/ha/corte e presença e ausência de irrigação. A irrigação promoveu aumentos significativos nas produções de MS, para todos os cultivares. No período das águas (outubro a março), as doses de 75 e 100 kg de N/ha/corte proporcionaram as maiores PMS. O cultivar Mombaça apresentou maior PMS, na presença de irrigação, em relação aos demais cultivares, enquanto que na ausência, os cultivares apresentaram produções semelhantes. À medida que se aumentaram as doses de N, aumentaram-se os teores protéicos, assim como a produção de PB. Na dose de 75 kg de N/ha/corte, os capins Colonião, Tanzânia e Centauro apresentaram maior teor protéico, enquanto que na dose de 100 kg de N/ha/corte, o cultivar Mombaça apresentou o menor teor de PB, porém na dose de 75 kg de N/ha/corte, a produção de PB foi semelhante aos demais cultivares. O menor teor de FDN foi observado na dose de 100 kg de N/ha/corte. Entre os cultivares, o capim Mombaça apresentou o maior teor de FDN, porém não diferiu do Tanzânia. A irrigação não influenciou no teor de PB dos cultivares Guiné e Colonião, enquanto que para os cultivares Mombaça, Tanzânia e Centauro o teor... .The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the irrigation on the dry matter production, the crude protein content and production (CP) and the nitrogen detergent fiber (NDF) content of five varieties of Panicum maximum Jacq., submitted to different levels of nitrogen. The experiment was carried out in the Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia - Câmpus de Ilha Solteira, from 06/09/2000 to 26/11/2001. A randomized blocks desing was used, in a factorial 5 x 3 x 2, with four replications. Five varieties were evaluated: Guiné, Colonião, Mombaça, Tanzânia and Centauro; three nitrogen levels: 50, 75 and 100 kg of N/ha/harvest and irrigation presence and absence, The irrigation promoted significant increases in the dry matter (DM) productions, for all varieties. In the summer (October to March), the levels of 75 and 100 kg of N/ha/harvest provided the highest DM production. The variety Mombaça presented the highest DM production, in irrigation presence, in relation to the other varieties, while in the irrigation absence, presented similar productions. As the nitrogen levels increased, the CP content increased, as well as the CP production. In the level of 75 kg of N/ha/harvest, the Colonião grass presented the highest CP content, while in the level of 100 kg of N/ha/harvest, the variety Mombaça presented the smallest CP content, however in the level of 75 kg of N/ha/harvest, the CP production was similar to the other varieties. The smallest NDF content was observed in the level of 100 kg of N/ha/harvest. Among the varieties, Mombaça presented the highest NDF average contents, but it didn´t differ the Tanzania grass. The irrigation didn’t influence in the Guiné and Colonião CP content, while Mombaça, Tanzânia and Centauro the content decreased. An increase in the CP production on Guiné and Mombaça varieties were observed. An increase in NDF content... (Complete abstract click electronic address below)

Efeitos da irrigação e adubação nitrogenada sobre a massa de forragem de cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq.

Foi conduzido um experimento no período de 06/09/2000 a 18/09/2001, para se avaliar os efeitos da irrigação e da adubação nitrogenada sobre a massa de forragem de cinco diferentes cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. Avaliaram-se cinco cultivares (Guiné, Colonião, Mombaça, Tanzânia e Centauro), três doses de nitrogênio (50, 75 e 100 kg de N/ha/corte) e a presença e ausência de irrigação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 5 x 3 x 2, com quatro repetições. A irrigação promoveu aumentos significativos nas produções de massa de forragem (PMF) para todos os cultivares. Na estação chuvosa (OUT/00 a MAR/01), as doses de 75 e 100 kg/ha de N por corte proporcionaram maiores PMF que a de 50 kg/ha de N por corte. O cultivar Mombaça apresentou maior PMF, na presença de irrigação, que os demais cultivares, enquanto, na ausência, todos os cultivares apresentaram produções semelhantes. Na estação seca (MAI/01 a AGO/01), a irrigação promoveu aumento significativo na PMF, em relação ao tratamento sem irrigação. À medida que se elevaram as doses de N, aumentou-se a PMF, enquanto, na ausência de irrigação, houve diferença entre as doses de 50 e 100 kg/ha de N por corte. Observou-se o efeito positivo da irrigação sobre a PMF a partir do final da estação seca, quando as temperaturas começaram a se elevar e o fotoperíodo provavelmente não era mais fator limitante; ou seja, foi possível antecipar a estação de crescimento das forrageiras a partir do mês de agosto, com PMF média de 1 a 2 t/ha, para a dose de 75 kg/ha de N por corte e de até 3 t/ha, na dose de 100 kg/ha de N por corte, em relação ao tratamento sem irrigação.This trial was carried out from September 6th (2000) to September 18th (2001) to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on drymatter yield of five different cultivars of Panicum maximum. Five cultivars (Guiné, Colonião, Mombaça, Tanzânia and Centauro) under three nitrogen rates (50, 75 and 100 kg/ha/cut of N), with and without irrigation were evaluated. The experimental treatments, the combination of a 5x3x2 factorial, was allocated in a completely randomized design with four replications. Irrigation brought about significant drymatter (DM) yield of all cultivars. In the rainy season (October/00 to March/01), highest DM yield was observed on plot receiving 75 and 100 kg/ha/cut of N. Under irrigation Mombaça cultivar was the most productive cultivar but without irrigation no difference was observed among the cultivars. During the dry season (May/01 to August/01), the drymatter yield of irrigated plots increased significantly as the nitrogen levels increased, whereas without irrigation difference between the rates of 50 and 100 kg/ha/cut of N was observed. A positive effect of irrigation was obtained from the final of dry season, as the temperature increased and probably the photoperiod was not a limiting factor. Forage management can be anticipated by reducing growth season from August, with DM yield from 1 and 2 t/ha, with N rate of 75 kg/ha/cut, to 3 t/ha, with the highest rate, in relation to the treatment without irrigation.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status