The effect of social exchange on women's intention for a second child in Hungary

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.This thesis examines the effect of social exchange on the intention for a second child in a sample of Hungarian women. The data used was the second wave of the Hungarian Generation and Gender Survey, conducted in 2004. The sample consists of women aged between 25 and 38 in 2004 who live in a stable relationship and have one child. The method of analysis is logistic regression. Social exchange is direct or indirect. Direct exchange is in this thesis operationalized as satisfaction with the division of household labor, and indirect exchange as everyday help with childcare provided by grandparents. In previous research from the U.S. the impact of the actual division of labor on the intention for a second child has been examined. However, in the analyzed sample there are very few cases where household work is equally divided between spouses. As a consequence the explaining variable chosen for representing direct exchange is the satisfaction of the respondent with the household division of labor. The results of the multivariate analysis show that both direct and indirect social exchange has a significant effect on women's intention for a second child in Hungary. The effect remains after controlling for conventionally used social variables, such as education, occupation, activity status, age of the mother and the first child, and whether the man she lives with is the biological father of the first child or not. Women who receive help from grandparents intend to have another child more often than women who do not. Similarly, satisfaction with the way household work is divided in the home sphere increases women's intention for a second child. The bivarate analysis reveals that household work is divided very unevenly between men and women in Hungary. But women are generally satisfied with doing much more household work, which most probably explains why the actual household division of labor does not correlate with the intention for another child, whereas satisfaction does. The analysis clearly shows that women rely on the help of grandparents (i.e. grandmothers) more than on the contribution of their own partner in household work. Satisfaction with the relationship and whether the woman has thought about breaking up the partnership in the last 12 months were examined as potential intervening variables. Their effects did not prove to bee significant. The interaction of two additional variables that might interact with the perception of the household division of labor on was also checked. These two variables are additional work activities and long working hours and operationalize additional burdens on the woman. However, no evidence of interaction effects was found in the data. The reliance on grandparents and postponed childbearing is worrying in terms of policy implications. Successively more women may decide not to have a second child when grandparents are too old to help, and even may require help themselves. Instead of relying on grandparents women need a greater contribution to household work from their spouses. In the West this need was politically recognized by the second wave of feminism. Similar political attention would be needed in Hungary as well

Computer Enabled Neuroplasticity Treatment : A Clinical Trial of a Novel Design for Neurofeedback Therapy in Adult ADHD

Background: We report a randomized controlled clinical trial of neurofeedback therapy intervention for ADHD/ADD in adults. We focus on internal mechanics of neurofeedback learning, to elucidate the primary role of cortical self-regulation in neurofeedback. We report initial results; more extensive analysis will follow. Methods: Trial has two phases: intervention and follow-up. The intervention consisted of neurofeedback treatment, including intake and outtake measurements, using a waiting-list control group. Treatment involved 40 h-long sessions 2-5 times per week. Training involved either theta/beta or sensorimotor-rhythm regimes, adapted by adding a novel "inverse-training" condition to promote self-regulation. Follow-up (ongoing) will consist of self-report and executive function tests. Setting: Intake and outtake measurements were conducted at University of Helsinki. Treatment was administered at partner clinic Mental Capital Care, Helsinki. Randomization: We randomly allocated half the sample then adaptively allocated the remainder to minimize baseline differences in prognostic variables. Blinding: Waiting-list control design meant trial was not blinded. Participants: Fifty-four adult Finnish participants (mean age 36 years; 29 females) were recruited after screening by psychiatric review. Forty-four had ADHD diagnoses, 10 had ADD. Measurements: Symptoms were assessed by computerized attention test (T.O.V.A.) and self-report scales, at intake and outtake. Performance during neurofeedback trials was recorded. Results: Participants were recruited and completed intake measurements during summer 2012, before assignment to treatment and control, September 2012. Outtake measurements ran April August 2013. After dropouts, 23 treatment and 21 waiting-list participants remained for analysis. Initial analysis showed that, compared to waiting-list control, neurofeedback promoted improvement of self-reported ADHD symptoms, but did not show transfer of learning to T.O.V.A. Comprehensive analysis will be reported elsewhere.Peer reviewe

Uusi relationaalinen näkökulma kognitiivis-analyyttiseen psykoterapiaan : onko nyt integraation aika?

Tässä artikkelissa esitän relationaalisen psykoanalyysin kolme tärkeää teoreettista näkökulmaa, jotka ovat näyttämöllistymisen keskeinen rooli terapeuttisessa muutoksessa, sosiaalikonstruktivistinen epistemologia kliinisen toiminnan taustalla ja uudenlaisessa suhteessa olemisen kokemus terapeuttisen muutoksen mahdollistajana. Kuvaan, miten nämä teoreettiset periaatteet näkyvät terapeutin toiminnassa allianssikatkoksen aikana: metakommunikaation kautta ilmenevässä terapeutin asemoitumisessa, terapeutin omasta osallistumisesta vastuun ottamisessa ja terapeutin pyrkimyksessä rakentaa asiakkaan kanssa intersubjektiivista tilaa, jossa asiakkaalle mahdollistuu uudenlaisessa suhteessa olemisen kokemus. Kuvaan niin ikään kognitiivis-analyyttista (KAT) teoriaa ja terapeuttista käytäntöä yllä kuvattujen psykoanalyysin relationaalisen teorian näkemysten valossa ia nostan esille KAT:n teoreettisia ja kliinisen käytännön olettamuksia, jotka ovat ristiriidassa relationaalisen teorian ja terapeuttisen toiminnan kanssa. Pohdin myös relationaalisen teorian soveltuvuutta ja merkitsevyyttä KAT-teoriaan ja terapeuttiseen käytäntöön sekä edellytyksiä integraatioon.peerReviewe

Pitfalls and Opportunities of the Therapist’s Metacommunication : A Self-determination Perspective

Psychotherapy research identifies alliance ruptures and their resolutions as significant events in psychotherapy, influencing outcome. However, we know little about the process how such events influence outcomes, only assuming if clients stay in therapy that the rupture was resolved, and the outcome will be positive. The purpose of this paper is to problematize this assumption against the backdrop of self-determination theory, introducing motivation and relational positioning as relevant theoretical concepts for understanding rupture resolution and the effect on outcome. A therapeutic transcript demonstrating best practice for alliance rupture resolution in a brief integrative therapy is critically examined, calling the attention of both clinicians and researchers to the risk of prescribing and blindly following techniques during therapeutic impasses. Our analysis of metacommunication demonstrates how the therapist’s use of a certain technique for resolving threats to the therapeutic alliance can lead to the client’s external motivation and compliance, negatively influencing therapeutic outcome. Focusing on the therapist’s relational positioning we present two alternative courses of therapeutic action, ‘mindfulness in action’ and ‘embracing the patient’s ambivalence’, for supporting the client’s autonomous motivation for the therapy process.peerReviewe