Photon assisted Levy flights of minority carriers in n-InP

We study the photoluminescence spectra of n-doped InP bulk wafers, both in the reflection and the transmission geometries relative to the excitation beam. From the observed spectra we estimate the spatial distribution of minority carriers allowing for the spectral filtering due to re-absorption of luminescence in the wafer. This distribution unambiguously demonstrates a non-exponential drop-off with distance from the excitation region. Such a behavior evidences an anomalous photon-assisted transport of minority carriers enhanced owing to the high quantum efficiency of emission. It is shown that the transport conforms very well to the so-called Levy-flights process corresponding to a peculiar random walk that does not reduce to diffusion. The index gamma of the Levy flights distribution is found to be in the range gamma = 0.64 to 0.79, depending on the doping. Thus, we propose the high-efficiency direct-gap semiconductors as a remarkable laboratory system for studying the anomalous transport.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

Non-invasive detection of intracranial pressure in clinical practice (review of literature)

The aim of the research was to summarize the results of the researches of preoperative diagnostics of intracranial hypertension using data of modern publications and also to determine possible algorithm of diagnostic measures before planning neurosurgical approach at the treatment of intracranial injuries. We analyzed Russian and foreign literary sources for 30 years using key words and search system PubMed. The analysis shows that the search of methods of non-invasive control of intracranial pressure is still actual because of the risk of severe complications of using invasive methods. The most accurate and clinically valuable method of evaluation and prediction of intracranial hypertension in patients with severe craniocerebral injury amongst all considered non-invasive methods (evaluation of tympanic membrane displacement, cochlear microphonia, evaluation of blood pressure in retinal veins, transcranial Doppler imaging, evaluation of optic nerve diameter etc.) is an evaluation of optic nerve diameter using data of ultrasonography, CT imaging and magnetic resonance tomography. Given the fact of operator-dependence of ultrasonography and known limitation for using magnetic resonance tomography in patients with severe craniocerebral injury, CT-data of the optic nerve diameter more than 5,8 mm available from plain preoperative examination can be considered as a reliable prognostic index of development of intracranial hypertension while planning p operative approach

Анализ состава нелинейных искажений при видеоимпульсных воздействиях с применением поведенческих нелинейных моделей электрических цепей

Introduction. Measuring harmonic distortions of a baseband pulse signal constitutes a problem due to the continuous nature of their spectrum. In order to obtain nonlinear distortions of a signal, a comparison should be conducted either of the object’s responses to two different test signals or those of the real object and its linearized model. However, such an approach does not distinguish between various physical factors that cause nonlinear distortions. This, as a result, complicates the optimization of devices.Aim. To develop an approach capable of determining the contribution of various sources to the nonlinear distortion of baseband pulse signals.Materials and methods. The method under consideration involves a synthesis of a nonlinear behavioral model for an object and a comparison of the model’s output signals when linearizing some (or all) of the characteristic functions in this model. This allows distinguishing the contribution of inertialess, capacitive nonlinearity and nonlinearity associated with signal recirculation in feedbacks. An example of a three-stage baseband pulse amplifier (with step functions as test signals) is provided, for which a behavioral model was synthesized in the form of a second-order nonlinear recursive filter.Results. The aggregate signal of nonlinear distortions obtained using the presented method was found to be similar to that obtained by subtracting the responses to two different test signals. Further, the distortions caused by static amplitude nonlinearity, capacitive reactivity nonlinearity and energy recirculation between different reactive storages were distinguished. The nonlinearity of the amplitude characteristic exhibits its effect at the end of the transient process, the nonlinearity with the capacitive nature – at the beginning of the transient process, and the nonlinearity of energy recirculation – in the middle part of the transient process. It is shown that even parts of the nonlinear distortions at step impact, caused by individual physical nonlinearity factors, exceed the harmonic distortions of a RF-pulse signal.Conclusion. The considered method is particularly useful when designing wideband devices with feedbacks, since the nonlinearity of energy recirculation takes effect long after the visual end of the transient process.Введение. Измерение нелинейных искажений видеоимпульсных сигналов представляет проблему, поскольку они имеют сплошной спектр. Для селекции сигнала нелинейных искажений в указанном случае применяют сравнение двух откликов объекта на два различных тестовых сигнала или сравнение отклика реального объекта и его линеаризованной модели. Такой подход не позволяет разделить различные физические факторы, приводящие к возникновению нелинейных искажений, что затрудняет последующую оптимизацию устройств.Цель работы. Рассмотреть метод, который позволяет определить вклад различных источников в нелинейные искажения видеоимпульсных сигналов устройством.Материалы и методы. Принцип рассматриваемого метода состоит в построении нелинейной поведенческой модели объекта и сравнении выходных сигналов модели при линеаризации некоторых (или всех) ее характеристических функций. Это дает возможность оценить вклад безынерционной, емкостной нелинейностей и нелинейности, связанной с рециркуляцией сигнала в обратных связях. Исследование выполнено на примере трехкаскадного усилителя видеоимпульсных сигналов (тестовые сигналы – ступенчатые функции), для которого синтезирована поведенческая модель в виде нелинейного рекурсивного фильтра второго порядка.Результаты. Полный сигнал нелинейных искажений, полученный рассмотренным методом, оказался близок к сигналу, получаемому при вычитании откликов на два различных тестовых воздействия. Разделены искажения, обусловленные нелинейностями статической амплитудной характеристики и реактивностей емкостного характера, а также рециркуляцией энергии между реактивными накопителями разных типов. Установлено, что нелинейность амплитудной характеристики сказывается после окончания переходного процесса, нелинейность емкостного характера – в начале переходного процесса, а нелинейность рециркуляции энергии – в его средней части. Проиллюстрировано, что даже части нелинейных искажений ступенчатого сигнала, обусловленные отдельными физическими факторами нелинейности, превышают гармонические искажения радиоимпульсного сигнала.Заключение. Рассмотренный метод представляется наиболее полезным при проектировании широкополосных устройств с обратными связями, поскольку область влияния нелинейности рециркуляции энергии оказывается сдвинутой далеко за пределы визуального окончания переходного процесса

The Central Yam Department of the Moscow State: The Problem of Formation (15th–16th Centuries)

Поступила в редакцию 21.06.2017. Принята к печати 18.04.2018.Submitted on 21 June, 2017. Accepted on 18 April, 2018.В статье рассматривается вопрос о центральном органе и должностных лицах, управлявших организованным сообщением в Московском государстве в XV–XVI вв. Показана связь между изменениями, происходившими в ямском строе, и потребностями политической централизации. Скорректированы традиционная схема зарождения Ямского приказа и концепция Д. В . Лисейцева. В княжение Ивана III нужды управления способствовали обособлению ямского дела. К концу XV в. внутри Казны оформилось ямское отделение, которое обслуживали ямские дьяки. Помимо выполнения своих основных обязанностей по руководству правильными сношениями, эти должностные лица принимали участие в оформлении крепостных актов, а также в обеспечении дипломатических миссий кормом. Одновременно с ямскими дьяками из Казны действовали должностные лица, которые в источниках тоже именовались «ямскими». Эта категория дьяков входила в аппарат Дворца. Как и ямские дьяки из Казны, они составляли и удостоверяли грамоты на холопов, были задействованы в материальном снабжении посольств. Тем не менее, отношения к организованной связи данные служащие не имели. Система ямской гоньбы без структурных изменений просуществовала до эпохи Избранной рады. Однако интересы управления требовали более качественной и надежной связи. С середины XVI в. началось реформирование ямского строя. Это послужило толчком к оформлению отдельного центрального органа по управлению правильными сношениями. Не позднее 1550 г. на основе ямских дьяков из Казны сложился Ямской приказ. Впрочем, его полномочия и возможности были ограниченными, а власть простиралась не на всю страну.This article considers the issue of the central body and officials running regular communication in the Moscow state between the 15th and 16th centuries. The author demonstrates that there was a close connection between the changes that took place in the Yam organisation, and the need for political centralisation. The author corrects the traditional scheme of the establishment of the Yam Prikaz and the concept of D. V. Liseytsev. During the reign of Ivan III, the needs of rule contributed to the isolation of the Yam service. By the end of the 15th century, inside the Grand Chancellery (Treasury), there emerged a Yam department maintained by Yam clerks. In addition to their key duties in establishing regular communication, these officials drew up serf acts and provided diplomatic missions with victuals. Together with Yam clerks of the Treasury, there were other officials referred to as Yam officials in different sources. This category of clerks was part of the Palace staff. They drew up and certified credentials for serfs, and were involved in the material supply of embassies. However, they were not part of the organised communication system. Without undergoing any structural changes, the Yam Messenger system existed until the era of the Select Council (Rus. Izbrannaia rada). However, the interests of management called for higher quality and reliable communication. From the mid-16th century, the Yam system started being reformed. This led to the establishment of a new centralised institution that managed regular communications. Not later than 1550, the Yam Prikaz based on Yam clerks of the Treasury emerged. However, its powers and possibilities were limited and did not extend to the whole country

Tobolsk Voivode P. I. Godunov’s Profit-Seeking Activity in Yamskaya Gon’ba in Siberia in the 17th Century

Поступила в редакцию: 22.09.2022. Принята к печати: 29.12.2022.Submitted: 22.09.2022. Accepted: 29.12.2022.Статья посвящена анализу мероприятий тобольского воеводы П. И. Годунова (одного из самых известных «прибыльщиков» XVII в.) в области ямской гоньбы. В значительной степени она базируется на неопубликованных источниках, сосредоточенных в архивах Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга. В первую очередь это делопроизводственные материалы органов центрального и местного управления (грамоты воеводам, воеводские отписки и др.), учетная документация (писцовые описания и др.), документы частного происхождения (челобитные). Многие из них впервые введены в научный оборот. Применены сравнительный, антропологический и генетический методы исторического исследования. Выявлены и изучены как неосуществленные реформы (план по распространению на Тобольск организованного сообщения), так и реализованные Годуновым «прибыли» (сокращение казенных посылок в Москву, перевод насельников Самаровского яма «на пашню», содействие уменьшению денежных окладов туринских, тюменских, демьянских и самаровских ямщиков, усиление государственного надзора над ямскими землями). Показано, что в основном они были лишены новизны. Годунов следовал правительственному курсу того времени и шел по стопам предыдущих администраторов, впрочем, действовал более активно. В целом в его воеводство положение сибирских ямщиков ухудшилось. Тем не менее, в отличие от большинства преобразований в других сферах местной жизни, ямские начинания Годунова оказались стойкими. Они были сохранены Москвой и частично пересмотрены лишь спустя полтора десятилетия после отъезда «прибыльщика» из Тобольска. На примере годуновских мероприятий и их судьбы видно противоречивое отношение государства к ямской гоньбе «за Камнем». С одной стороны, Москва стремилась сократить свои издержки на систему связи, с другой — в ряде случаев уступала ямщикам, поскольку нуждалась в надежном сообщении с регионом.This article analyses the reforms of Tobolsk voivode P. I. Godunov (one of the most famous “profit-seekers” of the seventeenth century) in the yam messenger system (Rus. yamskaya gon’ba). To a considerable extent, it is based on unpublished sources from Moscow and St Petersburg archives. Mostly, they are documents of management and record keeping of central and local administrations (letters to voivodes, military governors’ formal replies, etc.), accounting documentation (clerks’ descriptions, etc.), and private documents (petitions). Many of them have never been published previously. The author uses comparative, anthropological, and genetic methods; also, the article examines both unfulfilled reforms (a plan for the distribution of organised communication to Tobolsk) and those implemented by Godunov (a reduction of government parcels sent to Moscow, transfer of residents of the Samarovo yam “to arable land”, assistance in reducing the monetary salaries of Tura, Tyumen, Demyansk, and Samarovo yamshchiks enforcing state supervision over the yam lands). It is demonstrated that the reforms were devoid of innovation. Godunov adhered to the state course and followed the previous administrators, however, acting more dynamically. Generally, during his voivodship, the situation of Siberian yamshchiks worsened. However, by contrast with reforms in other areas of local life, Godunov’s yam reorganisations appeared sustainable. They were kept by Moscow and partially revised only 15 years later after the profit-seeker’s departure from Tobolsk. Referring to Godunov’s activities and their fate, the author shows the state’s contradictory attitude to yamskaya gon’ba “for the Stone”. On the one hand, Moscow sought to reduce the costs of the communication system, and, on the other hand, it sometimes gave way to the yamshchiks because it needed reliable communication with Siberia

Direct observation of Levy flight of holes in bulk n-InP

We study the photoluminescence spectra excited at an edge side of n-InP slabs and observed from the broadside. In a moderately doped sample the intensity drops off as a power-law function of the distance from the excitation - up to several millimeters - with no change in the spectral shape.The hole distribution is described by a stationary Levy-flight process over more than two orders of magnitude in both the distance and hole concentration. For heavily-doped samples, the power law is truncated by free-carrier absorption. Our experiments are near-perfectly described by the Biberman-Holstein transport equation with parameters found from independent optical experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF IRKUTSK FROM EXTERNAL REASONS AND SOME DISEASES RELATED ETHYL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

To our mind, the population alcoholization is the one of the major medical-social problems in Irkutsk region. According to official statistics it is established that in recent years the average index of incidence with diagnosis of an alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis established for the first time as a whole was higher in Irkutsk region, than in the Russian Federation and Siberian Federal district -1,7 and 1,5 times respectively. Sociological polls of the population of Irkutsk showed that 10 % of adult population and less than 20 % of youth do not take alcoholic drinks only. Abuse of alcohol makes a particular contribution to increase in number of lethal cases from diseases of system of blood circulation and the external reasons (mechanical trauma, suicides). It is not possible to estimate these indexes according to statistical data. The purpose of the real research was studying of a share of deadly outcomes among the population of Irkutsk, associated with ethyl alcohol. The profound personified analysis of mortality of the population of Irkutsk from the external reasons and some diseases (according to the international classification of diseases of the 10th revision) was carried out according to archive of Irkutsk regional bureau of a forensic medical expertise during 2000-2012, in cases when ethyl alcohol was found in cadaver blood. It was established, that the share of acute poisonings with ethyl alcohol makes about 4 % in structure of common mortality of the population of Irkutsk. The share of persons of young age of the dead as a result of an acute alcoholic poisoning makes nearly 20 % in recentyears. The high level of suicide activity of the population of the city interfaced to alcohol intake was revealed. More than 50 % were in an alcohol intoxication of various degree, among the persons prematurely left life. The share of the lethal mechanical traumas, associated with alcohol intoxication, made about a half from all cases of a mechanical trauma. During the 13-year period the decrease of the share of death resulted from cardiovascular diseases, associated with ethyl alcohol, was observed (with 30 to 16 %). Thus among the persons of young age having diseases of cardiovascular system, more than 50 % were at the time of death approach in an alcohol intoxication. The conducted research shows that the actual"hidden" losses of the population interfaced to alcohol intake, are much higher. The alcoholization of the population influences not only formation of losses from acute alcoholic poisonings, but also from the external reasons and diseases against which there was an abuse of ethyl alcohol

The efficiency of regional higher education systems and competition in Russia

This paper explores the correlation between the degree of competition between higher education institutions (HEIs) and the efficiency of regional higher education systems using evidence from the Russian Federation. The choice of the regional system of higher education as a unit of analysis is explained by the features of the Russian system of higher education, especially by "closeness" in the borders of regions. We propose a special approach for the evaluation of the regional higher education system efficiency from the public administration perspective. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), we investigate the efficiency of higher education systems in the regions and compare the results with the extent of higher education competition within them. The results indicate that higher efficiency scores and higher competition between HEIs in Russian regions are positively correlated. Moreover, by introducing socio-economic context status as a grouping parameter, we are able to specify the conditions of this relationship. The study explores that correlation between efficiency and competition is stronger in developing and low-performing regions. At the same time, higher education systems in developed regions consist of different HEIs, which create a competitive environment, although their efficiency level varies considerably. Taking into account all limitations of the study, these results contain several important issues for policy-making and higher education research discussions. They challenge the universalistic assumptions for the direction of higher education development.Support from the Basic Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics is gratefully acknowledged

Ischemic heart disease: medical certificate of cause of death analysis

Aim. According to data from the Moscow Oblast civil registry office in 2020, to analyze medical certificates of cause of death (MCCD), where the code from “Ischemic heart disease” (IHD) (I20-I25) group is indicated as underlying cause of death (UCD).Material and methods. A total of 23193 deaths with I20-I25 codes (UCDs) were included. We assessed the prevalence of individual IHD types, the frequency and patterns of complications, the average age of deceased persons, the proportion of women and men, place of death registration.Results. The average age of the deceased was 73,6±12,5 (men, 68,8±10,5; women, 78,4±12,5; p<0,0001). The proportion of women who died under the age of 70 was <20%, men — >50%. Half of the deaths were registered at home, a third in a hospital, and the rest elsewhere. Taking into account age and sex, inhospital death from myocardial infarction (MI) is recorded 12 times more often than in “other forms of acute IHD”. Chronic forms of IHD were registered in 76,9% of cases; in 47,3%, such IHD form as “Atherosclerotic heart disease” was noted. The proportion of deaths from acute MI and deaths after MI was 37,3%. In 92,1% of MCCDs of “other forms of acute IHD”, “acute coronary insufficiency” is indicated. Differences in the prevalence of various IHD forms between men and women were significant (p<0,0001). In female mortality pattern, there are 3 times less deaths from other (non-MI) acute forms of IHD and almost 2 times less deaths from old myocardial infarction and cardiac aneurysm. As the immediate cause of death, heart failure was indicated in 78,9%, while among those with prior MI — in 91%. In other acute forms of IHD, acute coronary insufficiency was indicated in 89%.Conclusion. A high proportion of deaths with unspecified acute and chronic forms of IHD as the cause of death, especially in young men, requires a comprehensive study and development by the Russian Society of Cardiology of criteria for death from various IHD forms