Yapay Sinir Ağları, Kelime Vektörleri ve Derin Öğrenme Uygulamaları

Bu çalışmada, yapay sinir ağları, kelime vektörleri ve derin öğrenme uygulamaları hakkında yapılan çalışmalardan bahsedilmiştir. Bu çalışmalarda kullanılan kütüphaneler, metodolojiler ve veri setleri açıklanmıştır. Yapay sinir ağları kullanılarak yapılan veri sınıflandırma örnekleri, yazar tanıma sistemi, kelime vektörleri kullanılarak verilen metin içerisinde geçen kelimelerin birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerinin görselleştirilmesi ve türkçe metinlerin anlam analizinin gerçekleştirilmesi çalışmaları anlatılmıştır. Yapılan farklı çalışmaların sonuçları, parametre analizi ve kaynak kodları makale içerisinde ve ekler kısmına konumlandırılmış bir şekilde paylaşılmıştır

Obesity is Associated with Upgrading in Prostate Cancers

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer and sixth most common cause of cancer associated death among men in the world. Multiple studies demonstrated the relationship between obesity and PCa in the recent years

Scientific contribution of Turkey in prostate literature. Where are we? Where are we going?

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in the world. The established risk factors are increasing age, race and family history. The incidence of prostate cancer is low in Asia, but the overall age-adjusted incidence rate of PCa was reported as 35/100,000 from years of 2008 to 2009 in Turkey. The aim of the study is to investigate the articles from Turkey about prostate cancer for ten years period. The data from the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science was reviewed and ‘prostate adenocarcinoma’ in the title was searched in each year from 2006 to 2015. The article, review and letter were selected. Number of articles from Turkey and world was recorded and localization of the top ten countries were noted. There were 28,714 articles between 2006 and 2015 years. The articles increased from 11,998 to 16,716 in last 5 years. In Turkey; the articles was 120 in first 5 year and increased to 205 in the last 5 years. The percentage of increases was 39.3 and 70.8% in the world and Turkey. Ranking to the countries according to the article numbers; Turkey was between 17–23 and 16–27 in first and second five years. The number of the countries whom published prostate cancer articles reached to 89 in ten years. The number of the articles is increased during the years. When we think the nüfüs of the country and number of the academicians, the number of the articles would be more than today. The urologists must work more than last to improve the Turkish scientific localization. The clinical chefs of the university and training hospitals can organize well designed clinical studies and Turkish Association of Urology and Oncology promote the clinical studies, we can publish more and more studies

Hydrocalyx: Uncommon Complication of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

The success rate of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is about 90%, but overall complications of this surgery have been reported in up to 83% cases. The complications are graded using Clavien classification system from grade 1 to 5. Grade 1 needs simple treatments without surgical, endoscopic, and radiologic interventions like antiemetics, antipyretics, and analgesics. Grade 5 denotes death of the patient. Calyx neck stricture is grade 3b complication with an incidence of 0.1%. In this study, a case of hydrocalyx, which is very rare complication after PNL, is presented. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no hydrocalyx case reported after PNL in the literature

Renal Medullary Carcinoma; A Rare Entity

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is an uncommon aggressive neoplasm of the kidney. RMC is biologically aggressive with a very poor prognosis, and metastasis is seen in up to 95% of the patients at diagnosis or shortly thereafter. The common sites of metastasis are respectively lymph nodes, lungs, livers, and adrenal glands in order of frequency. The presence of poorly differentiated eosinophilic cells in a characteristic fibro-inflammatory stroma is seen in histological examination. The origin and pathogenesis of RMC are unclear. The radiographical and pathological findings suggest that RMC probably originates in the calyceal epithelium in or near the renal papillae, which could be the result of chronic ischemic damage in the renal papillae epithelium by sickled erythrocytes. Positivity of VEGF and HIF-1α supports the chronic hypoxia that may be caused in the pathogenesis of RMC. Other factors such as genetic or environmental factors are important. Although hemoglobinopathy is very common, RMC is very rare. An understanding of the molecular and genetic factors of this rare disease is important for its prevention and treatment. We herein describe an adult Turkish patient, who presented with hematuria. The diagnosis was RMC after pathological examination

Clinical significance of single microscopic focus of adenocarcinoma at prostate biopsy

Objective: Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancer and an important reason of cancer specific death. The incidence of patients who diagnosed at low stage increased because of widespread using Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing. We evaluated the patients who were diagnosed single microscopic focus of adenocarcinoma and treated radical prostatectomy at final pathology. Methods: The patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy between January 2004 and January 2012 were enrolled retrospectively. We extracted the patients who were diagnosed single microscopic focus of adenocarcinoma and treated with RP. Single microscopic adenocarcinoma was defined as one single focus measuring 3 mm or less, well differentiated (Gleason ≤6) adenocarcinoma. 37 patients were included at the study. Clinical data; including age, serum PSA levels, PSA density and prior biopsy and prostatectomy specimen results were recorded. In pathological examination; high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMW-CK), p63, and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) were used for differential diagnosis. Results: The patients' ages were between 42 and 77 with a mean age of 64.9 ± 7.57 years. Mean PSA levels and prostate volumes were 8.03 ± 5.21 ng/ml and 54 ± 25.51 cc. T0, T2a, T2c and T3a were reported in 2 patients, 17 patients, 17 patients and 1 patient after pathological evaluation. According to the Gleason grading system; 6 patients were 7 (3 + 4), one patient was 7 (4 + 3), one patient was 5 (3 + 2) and 27 patients were 6 (3 + 3). Conclusion: Small volume of cancer at prostate biopsy is not necessarily small cancer in radical prostatectomy. The treatment choice may be over or under treatment for some patients, so the patients must be informed when choosing the treatment

Changing the Stage, Grade and Histological Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinomas over 10 Years Period

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) account 80–85% of all primary renal neoplasms and originate from the renal cortex. The patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for renal tumour in our unit between January 2005 and 2015 were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups; group 1 includes patients who were treated between January 2005 and December 2009, group 2 those from January 2010 to 2015. There were 103 patients in group 1. The patients were between 21 and 89 years with mean age of 61.46 year. Renal cell carcinomas account 83.4% of the patients, benign renal tumours were 8.7% and transitional cell carcinomas were 7.7% of the patients in group 1. A total of 32.5% RCCs were classified as pT1a, 24.4% as pT1b, 15.1% as pT2a, 11.6% as pT2b, 15.1% as pT3a and 1.1% as pT4. There were 202 patients in group 2 and the patients were between 27 and 81 years with mean age of 58.5 year. Renal cell carcinomas comprised the main bulk of the tumours with 182 nephrectomy specimens. According to the pathological classification of RCCs, 51 specimens were found as pT1a, 54 were pT1b, 13 were pT2a, 14 were pT2b, 48 were pT3a and 2 were pT4. Although, the incidence of small renal masses has been increasing with widespread use of imaging techniques and recent advancements, the proportion of high grade and advanced stage renal tumours increased during the study period