An along-track Biogeochemical Argo modelling framework: a case study of model improvements for the Nordic seas

We present a framework that links in situ observations from the Biogeochemical Argo (BGC-Argo) array to biogeochemical models. The framework minimizes the technical effort required to construct a Lagrangian-type 1D modelling experiment along BGC-Argo tracks. We utilize the Argo data in two ways: (1) to drive the model physics and (2) to evaluate the model biogeochemistry. BGC-Argo physics data are used to nudge the model physics closer to observations to reduce the errors in the biogeochemistry stemming from physics errors. This allows us to target the model biogeochemistry and, by using the Argo biogeochemical dataset, we identify potential sources of model errors, introduce changes to the model formulation, and validate model configurations. We present experiments for the Nordic seas and showcase how we identify potential BGC-Argo buoys to model, prepare forcing, design experiments, and approach model improvement and validation. We use the ECOSMO II(CHL) model as the biogeochemical component and focus on chlorophyll a. The experiments reveal that ECOSMO II(CHL) requires improvements during low-light conditions, as the comparison to BGC-Argo reveals that ECOSMO II(CHL) simulates a late spring bloom and does not represent the deep chlorophyll maximum layer formation in summer periods. We modified the productivity and chlorophyll a relationship and statistically documented decreased bias and error in the revised model when using BGC-Argo data. Our results reveal that nudging the model temperature and salinity closer to BGC-Argo data reduces errors in biogeochemistry, and we suggest a relaxation time period of 1–10 d. The BGC-Argo data coverage is ever-growing and the framework is a valuable asset, as it improves biogeochemical models by performing efficient 1D model configurations and evaluation and then transferring the configurations to a 3D model with a wide range of use cases at the operational, regional/global and climate scales.publishedVersio

The Historical Adventure of Anatomy of the Heart

Medicine has existed with humanity and it is an indispensable element of human life. Throughout history, the heart has been believed to possess an important function in the body. Our aim historical development of the heart is evaluate in terms of the anatomical developments. In the ancient civilizations, it was demonstrated that there were both blood and the air in the vessels in the body. Moreover, the heart beats have been mentioned. In ancient Greece, it was identified that the arteries and veins had different functions. In Alexandria Medical School were discussed the tricuspid valve and its functions. According to Galen some blood from the right ventricle to the left ventricle transfers via pores found in the septum. This theory domiated Western medicine until 17th centruy due to “strict obedience to authority”. Avicenna, as the successor of Galen has been recognized. Ibn al-Nafis unlike Galen and Avicenna clearly described that blood came from the right heart to the lungs and mixed there with air and then returned to the left heart. Ibn al-Nafis discovery of pulmonary circulation in 13th centruy. In the historical process, the first study subject were about anatomical and physiological structures of the heart. Then the process have included all stages form determination of blood groups to a heart transplant

The Historical Adventure of Anatomy of the Heart

Tıp, insanlıkla birlikte varlığını sürdüren ve insan hayatının vazgeçilmez bir unsurudur. Tarih boyunca kalbin vücutta önemli bir fonksiyonu olduğuna inanılmıştır. Amacımız, tarih boyunca vücutta önemli bir fonksiyonu olduğu inanılan kalbin tarihsel gelişimini, anatomik gelişmeler açıdan değerlendirmektir. Eski uygarlıklarda damarlarda sadece kan değil aynı zamanda havanın olduğu kabul ediliyordu. Bu döneme ait eserlerde kalp atışlarından da bahsedilmektedir. Antik Yunan döneminde arterler ile venlerin farklı yapılar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İskenderiye Tıp Okulunda kalbin bir pompa gibi çalıştığından, trikuspid kapak ve fonksiyonlarından bahsedilmiştir. Roma dönemi bilginlerinden Galen yaptığı çalışmalar sonucunda kanın ventriküller arası bölmeden geçiş yaptığını ileri sürmüştür. Bu görüş “otoriteye koşulsuz bağlılık” düşüncesi nedeniyle, 17. yy’a kadar varlığını devam ettirmiştir. İbn Sînâ, Galen’in halefi olarak kabul edilmiştir. İbn ün-Nefis yaptığı araştırmalar sonucunda Galen ve İbn Sina’nın aksine ventriküller arası bölmeden geçişin olmadığını belirtir. Ayrıca İbn ün-Nefis 13. yy da küçük pulmoner dolaşımı keşfetmiştir. 1500’lü yıllardan itibaren kan dolaşım sisteminden, koroner damarlardan, kalp kapakçıklarından ve kılcal damarlardan bahsedilmiştir. Tarihsel süreçte kalbin anatomik yapısı ve çalışma sisteminin tespiti ilk çalışma konuları olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Daha sonra ki süreç kan gruplarının tespitinden kalp naklinin gerçekleştirilmesine kadar ki aşamaları içermektedir.Medicine has existed with humanity and it is an indispensable element of human life. Throughout history, the heart has been believed to possess an important function in the body. Our aim historical development of the heart is evaluate in terms of the anatomical developments. In the ancient civilizations, it was demonstrated that there were both blood and the air in the vessels in the body. Moreover, the heart beats have been mentioned. In ancient Greece, it was identified that the arteries and veins had different functions. In Alexandria Medical School were discussed the tricuspid valve and its functions. According to Galen some blood from the right ventricle to the left ventricle transfers via pores found in the septum. This theory domiated Western medicine until 17th centruy due to “strict obedience to authority”. Avicenna, as the successor of Galen has been recognized. Ibn al-Nafis unlike Galen and Avicenna clearly described that blood came from the right heart to the lungs and mixed there with air and then returned to the left heart. Ibn al-Nafis discovery of pulmonary circulation in 13th centruy. In the historical process, the first study subject were about anatomical and physiological structures of the heart. Then the process have included all stages form determination of blood groups to a heart transplant

Anomalous origin of left internal mammary artery from distal subclavian artery

The internal mammary artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery. The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) is an excellent graft for myocardial revascularization of the left anterior descending artery. In this article, we describe a quite important variation of an anomalous origin of LIMA, which is rarely seen. In our case, LIMA was arising from the distal of the third part of the subclavian artery. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to perform LIMA angiography before coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

Determination of normal splenic volume in relation to age, gender and body habitus: a stereological study on computed tomography

Background: The aim of this study is to assess and document the dimensions of the normal spleen measured on computed tomography (CT) images with the normal splenic volume measured by Cavalieri principle on CT images and thereby serve as a baseline for comparison in cases of splenomegaly using abdominal CT. To investigate the relationship between these changes and body mass index, gender, abdominal diameters. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT examinations of 212 adults between the ages of 20 and 88 years. There were seven groups of patients. The spleen volume (SV) measurements using abdominal CT images of each patient on the Image Information Systems were performed with Cavalieri principle. Results: The mean SV and splenic length (SL), width (SW), and thickness (ST) for the total study population of 212 patients was 198 +/- 88 cm(3), 9.96 +/- 2.1 cm, 8.87 +/- +/- 1.6 cm and 4.58 +/- 0.8 cm, respectively. There was a strong correlation between SV and ST (r = 0.752, p < 0.001), SL (r = 0.735, p < 0.001), SW (r = 0.681, p < 0.001) mean values of total study population. Comparison between mean splenic dimension parameters for males and females showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.032 for SV, p = 0.04 for ST) but no statistically significant difference with SL and SW. Also there was a positive correlation between SV and body height, sagittal abdominal diameter and transvers abdominal diameter in mean of total groups and female groups, there was no correlation in males. Conclusions: The normal reference ranges for SV and size given in this study can serve as a standard to judge whether splenomegaly is present in patients

The Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on the Rat Brain: An Experimental Study

AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the structural changes of electromagnetic waves in the frontal cortex, brain stem and cerebellum. MATERIAL and METHODS: 24 Wistar Albino adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I consisted of control rats, and groups II-IV comprised electromagnetically irradiated (EMR) with 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz. The heads of the rats were exposed to 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz microwaves irradiation for 1h per day for 2 months. RESULTS: While the histopathological changes in the frontal cortex and brain stem were normal in the control group, there were severe degenerative changes, shrunken cytoplasm and extensively dark pyknotic nuclei in the EMR groups. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the Total Antioxidative Capacity level was significantly decreased in the EMR groups and also Total Oxidative Capacity and Oxidative Stress Index levels were significantly increased in the frontal cortex, brain stem and cerebellum. IL-1 beta level was significantly increased in the EMR groups in the brain stem. CONCLUSION: EMR causes to structural changes in the frontal cortex, brain stem and cerebellum and impair the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine system. This deterioration can cause to disease including loss of these areas function and cancer development.Turkish Neurosurgery Society Scientific Research CommitteeThis study was supported by the Turkish Neurosurgery Society Scientific Research Committee. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper

Planimetry investigation of the corpus callosum in temporal lobe epilepsy patients

Objective: To evaluate the effects of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) on corpus callosum (CC) morphometry in patients with TLE. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey between November 2010 and December 2013. The epileptic syndrome diagnosis was based on International League Against Epilepsy criteria, and this study was conducted on the MRIs of 25 epilepsy patients and 25 control subjects. We classified the patients according to their duration of epilepsy: = 10 years. The projection area length (PAL) of the CC was also estimated. Total brain volumes (TBV) were measured on CT images. Results: The mean values of TBV for patients with TLE and the control group were not statistically different, but the CC PAL values were statistically different. The mean CC PAL values of under and over 25 years of age in patients with TLE were statistically different. The mean values of TBV of under and over 10 years duration of TLE were small statistically, but the CC PAL values were statistically different. Conclusion: The results indicate a clear influence of TLE on the structure of the CC rather than TBV

Utjecaj dodatka biljnih ekstrakata na antioksidacijski potencijal, mikrobiološka i senzorska svojstva tekućeg jogurta

The aim of this study was to use various plants to increase the functional properties of yoghurt. The ethanol extracts of three different plant (Mentha piperita L., Ocimum basilicum L., and Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts were added to the stirred type yoghurts at different ratios (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%). The pH values, colour values, antioxidant activity, microbial and sensory attributes of yoghurt were evaluated on the storage days of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The lowest pH values were found at the beginning (4.29) and at the end (3.95) of the storage period in samples containing 0.5% hibiscus extract. The addition of plant extracts in amounts of 0.3% and higher decreased the lightness (L*) value of yoghurt (p<0.05), and the maximum decrease was found in yoghurt samples containing 0.5% hibiscus ethanol extract. The concentrations of added mint and basil extracts increased the yellowness (b*) value (p<0.05), while the addition of hibiscus extract significantly increased the redness value (p<0.05). Hibiscus ethanol extract significantly reduced the growth of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Lactococcus/ Streptococcus bacteria (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity of all samples increased with adding plant extracts. According to the results of sensory analysis, the addition of 0.1% plant extracts to yoghurts rated higher scores than that of the control sample, but the addition of 0.3% and 0.5% ethanol extracts negatively affected the sensory properties. It can be concluded that adding plant extracts had a positive effect on the sensory and functional properties of yoghurt.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati mogućnost dodatka različitih biljnih ekstakata radi poboljšanja funkcionalnih svojstava jogurta. Tekućem jogurtu dodavani su etanolni ekstrakti triju različitih biljnih vrsta (Mentha piperita L., Ocimum basilicum L. i Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) u različitim omjerima (0,1 %, 0,3 % i 0,5 %). Svim uzorcima jogurta određivani su pH vrijednost, parametri boje, antioksidacijski potencjal, mikrobiološka i senzorska svojstva tijekom perioda čuvanja (0, 7, 14, 21 i 28 dan). Najniže pH vrijednosti utvrđene su na početku (4,29) i na kraju (3,95) skladištenja u uzorcima koji sadrže 0,5 % ekstrakta hibiskusa. Dodavanje biljnih ekstrakata u količini 0,3 % i više smanjilo je vrijednost svjetline (L *) jogurta (p<0,05), a maksimalno smanjenje zabilježeno je u uzorcima jogurta koji sadrže 0,5 % etanolnog ekstrakta hibiskusa. Veće koncentracije dodanih ekstrakta metvice i bosiljka povećavale su vrijednost žutine (b *) (p<0,05), a dodavanje ekstrakta hibiskusa značajno je povećalo vrijednost crvenila (p <0,05). Etanolni ekstrakt hibiskusa značajno je smanjio rast ukupnih aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija (TAMB), bakterija mliječne kiseline (LAB) te laktokoka i streptokoka (p<0,05). Antioksidativni potencijal svih uzoraka povećala se dodatkom biljnog ekstrakta. Prema rezultatima senzorske analize, dodavanje 0,1 % biljnih ekstrakata jogurtima ocijenjeno je višim rezultatima od kontrolnog uzorka, ali dodavanje 0,3 % i 0,5 % ekstrakta negativno je utjecalo na senzorska svojstva. Može se zaključiti da je dodavanje biljnih ekstrakata pozitivno utjecalo na senzorska i funkcionalna svojstva jogurta

Sol internal torasik arterin proksimalinden çıkan gelişmiş aksesuar yan dal ve klinik önemi

İnternal torasik arter İTA subklavyan arterin birinci bölümünün alt yüzünden ayrılır. Sol ventrikül revaskülarizasyonunda, sol left İTA’nın LİTA sol ön inen koroner artere LAD anastomozu yapılmaktadır. Koroner arter hastalığı nedeniyle LİTA ve LAD arasında aorta-koroner bypass ameliyatı yapılan hasta egzersize bağlı göğüs ağrısı şikayeti ile başvurdu. Anjiografide LAD’ye anastomozu ya- pılan LİTA’nın hemen çıkış yerine yakın olmak üzere gelişmiş bir aksesuar yan dala sahip olduğu görüldü. Bu aksesuar yan dalın steal çalma fenomenine neden olduğu ve göğüs ağrısı yaptığı tespit edildi. Koroner arter bypass greftleme planlanan hastalarda LİTA ve dallarındaki olası varyasyonların değerlendirilmesi cerrahi sonrası problemleri önleyebili

A rare anomaly: Double right coronary artery

Koroner arter anomalileri nadir görülen anomalilerdir. Bunlar genellikle semptom vermezler ve tesadüfen sap tanırlar. Çift sağ koroner arter (SKA) oldukça nadir görü len bir koroner arter anomalisidir. Çift SKA tanımlaması ve sınıflaması tartışmalı bir konu olmasına rağmen çoğu zaman benign bir durumdur. Ancak aterosklerozla komp like olup miyokart enfarktüsü (MI) gibi ciddi durumlara da sebep olabilir ve başka anomalilere de eşlik edebilir. Bi zim vakamızda akut anterior MI için yapılan koroner anji ografide çift SKA tespit edildi ve sonraki seansta başarılı perkütan koroner girişim uygulandı.Coronary artery anomalies are rare anomalies. These are usually asymptomatic and are discovered inciden tally. Double right coronary artery (RCA) is a rare coro nary artery anomaly. Although there is controversy about identification and classification of double RCA, it is often a benign condition, but it can be complicated by ath erosclerosis and can lead to serious conditions such as myocardial infarction (MI) and may be accompanied by other anomalies. In our case, double RCA were detected in coronary angiography for acute anterior MI, and in the next session successful percutaneous coronary interven tion was performed