The prognostic importance of nm 23 gene expression in triple negative breast cancers

Meme kanseri dünyada kadınlarda ensık görülen kanserdir. Kadınlarda kanser ölümlerinin 2.ensık sebebidir ve 40ile 59 yaşlarındaki kadınlarda ölümün ana sebebidir. Meme kanseri için en önemli risk faktörleri yaş, cinsiyet, üreme geçmişi, hormonal faktörler ve aile öyküsüdür. Gen ekspresyon çalışmaları birkaç farklı meme kanseri alt tipini belirledi. Böylece Östrojen reseptörünün negatif (ER) olduğu üç ana alt grup, basal like, Human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) pozitif ve normal-like; ve ER pozitif iki alt tip luminal A ve luminal B içerir.Triple negatif meme kanseri en sık değerlendirilen üç biyolojikmarkerların ekspresyonunun yokluğu ile tanımlanır (Östrojen reseptörü (ER), progesteron reseptörü (PR), Human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2). Triple negatif meme kanseri diğer meme kanseri alt tiplerinden daha kötü prognozlu, daha yüksek relaps oranları ile karakterizedir. Kanser hastalarında ölümün en önde gelen nedeni metastatik yayılmadır. Metastaz supresör genler (tumör supresör genlerden farklı) primer tümörün büyümesini etkilemeksizin tümörün invivo metastattik yayılma kapasitesini kontrol eden genler olarak tanımlanır. Bu genlerin ilki olan non metastasis supressör genes 23 (nm23) ilk olarak 1988 te tanımlandı. Çalışmamızda retrospektif olarak triple negativ meme kanserli hastalarda tümör dokusu nm23 gen düzeyi ile hastalıksız sağkalım ve genel sağkalım arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya toplam 81 hasta alındı. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 51.93 ± 11.14 (21- 73) yıl olarak bulundu. Her iki grup karşılaştırıldığında nm23 ekspresyon düzeylerinde istatiksel anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı. c-erB2 negatif grupta genel sağkalım 63.77 ± 3.41 ay, pozitif grupta ise 76.80 ± 8.09 ay bulunmuştur. Her iki grup arasında istatiksel fark saptanmamıştır.Çalışmamızda nm23 düzeyi negatif ve pozitif hastalarda genel sağkalım ve hastalıksız sağkalım sürelerinde farklılık saptanmış olsa da istatiksel fark saptanamamıştır.Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the world, the second most common cause of cancer death in women, and the main cause of death in women ages 40 to 59 years. Important risk factors for breast cancer are age, gender, reproductive history, hormonal factors, and family history. Gene expression studies have identified several distinct breast cancer subtypes. These include three main subtypes of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors, basal-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-enriched, and normal-like; and two subtypes of ER-positive tumors, luminal A and luminal B.Triple negative breast cancer is defined as lack of expression of the three most commonly evaluated biomarkers (the estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] protein). Triple-negative breast cancer is generally characterized by higher relapse rates and poorer prognosis than other breast cancer subtypes. Metastatic dissemination represents a leading cause of death in cancer patients. Metastasis suppressor genes are defined by their capacity to control metastatic dissemination in vivo without affecting growth of the primary tumor unlike tumor suppressor genes. The first of these metastasis suppressor genes, NM23, was identified in 1988. In our study we retrospectively search the relationship between nm23 gene levels and disease free survival and survival in triple negative breast cancers. A total of 81 patients participated in the study. The mean age of patients was 51.93 ± 11:14 (21- 73) years. Patients were divided into 2 groups, including c-erB2 positive and c-erB2 negative. There wasn't statistically significant difference regarding nm23 expression levels between two groups. Overall survival was 63.77 ± 3.41 months and 76.80 ± 8.09 months in c-erB2 negative and c-erB2 positive groups respectively. Statistically significant difference wasn't detected between two groups regarding oveall survival.In our study, difference regarding overall survival and disease-free survival between nm23 negative and nm23 positive patients was detected but this difference was not statistically significant

The prognostic importance of ERCC1 gene expression on the NSCLC patients treated with platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy

Akciğer kanseri tüm dünyada kansere bağlı ölümlerin en sık nedenidir. Irk, cinsiyet, yaş, coğrafi ve sosyoekonomik koşullar gibi faktörler görülme sıklığını etkilemektedir. Akciğer kanserlerinin % 80'ini küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanseri oluşturmaktadır. Erken evre KHDAK' inde öncelikli tedavi cerrahidir. Postoperatif toraks ışınlaması ve sistemik kemoterapinin (KT) yaşam süresini uzattığı gösteren yeni çalışmalar mevcuttur.Memeli hücrelerinde farklı DNA hasarları farklı DNA tamir yolları ile tamir edilmektedir. Ekzisyon tamiri BER ve NER olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. NER mekanizması en az 20 proteinin görev aldığı bir kesme ve yapıştırma mekanizmasıdır. Platinum grubu ilaçların oluşturduğu DNA hasarları daha çok NER ile onarılmaktadır. Bu da NER ile bu ilaç grubunun tedavi etkinliği arasında bir ilişki olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. NER tamir mekanizmasının en önemli ayağı ERCC1' dir. Literatürde ERCC1 gen düzeyi ile kanserlerin metastaz durumu, evresi, prognostik önemi, tedaviye yanıtları, progresyon zamanı, genel sağkalım ve hastalıksız sağkalım arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Over, kolon, serviks, testis, mesane ve küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanserli hücre gruplarında ERCC1'in m RNA ekspresyonunun platinum rezistansı gösterdiği invitro çalışmalarla gösterilmiştir. Çalışmamızda retrospektif olarak adjuvan platin bazlı kemoterapi alan KHDAK `li hastalarda tümör dokusu ERCC1 gen düzeyi ile hastalıksız sağkalım ve genel sağkalım arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır.Çalışmaya 82 hasta dahil edilmiştir. Hastalara ait biyopsilerin parafin bloklarından kesitler alınarak immünohistokimyasal yöntemle ERCC1 gen ekspresyonu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, hastaya ait demografik özellikler, evre, hastalıksız sağkalım ve genel sağkalım verileri göz önünde tutularak karşılaştırılmıştır.Çalışma sonucunda ERCC1 gen ekspresyonu olmayan grupta progresyonsuz sağkalım süresinin ve genel sağ kalım süresinin ERCC1 pozitif grupla karşılaştırıldığında daha uzun olduğu ancak bunun istatistiksel olarak anlamlılık ifade etmediği görüldü.Sonuç olarak bu sınırlı sayıda hasta ile yapılmış çalışmada, platin bazlı adjuvan kemoterapi alan KHDAK'li hastalarda ERCC1 aşırı ekspresyonun hastalıksız sağkalımı ve genel sağkalımı olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği tespit edilmiştir.Lung cancers are the most common cause of death all over the world. Race, sex, age, geographic and economic status effects the frequency of lung cancer. 80 % of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Surgery is the primary management of early stage NSCLC. Recent studies show that post-operative Chemotherapy and radiotherapy extends the survival.Each DNA damages has different repair pathway in mammalian cells. Excision repair has 2 different pathways called BER and NER. NER pathway is a cut/paste pathway consists of 20 different proteins. Platinum based DNA damages are usually repaired by NER pathway. This information thought that there may be a relationship between NER pathway and efficiency of the treatment with this group of medications. The most important component of NER repair pathway is ERCC1. There are a lot of studies that shows the relationship between ERCC1 gene levels and the cancers stage, metastasis, prognosis, response to treatment, progression and survival. It has been reported in several invitro studies that ERCC1 mRNA expression shows platinum resistance in ovarian, colon, cervix, testicular, bladder and NSCL cancer group. In our study we retrospectively search the relationship between ERCC1 gene levels and disease free survival and survival in NSCLC patient treated with adjuvant platinum based chemotherapy.In our study we stain 82 patients paraphin block with immunohistochemical stains to determine ERCC1 gene expression. The obtained data compared with the patients stage, demographic properties, disease-free survival and general survival. We found that the overall survival is longer in ERCC1 gene expression negative group compared with ERCC1 positive group but this information is not statistically significant.As a result in our small sized study we established that ERCC1 gene expression is negatively effect the overall survival in NSCLC patients treated with platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy

Visualizing the road network topology differences of Istanbul city

This study aims at visualizing the spatial distribution of road network per person in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. As a world city, Istanbul connects two continents and has almost 15 million population. Therefore, the city has a tremendous road network consists of 713,634 edges and 242,545 nodes. The road network is mapped on an equal population distribution cartogram for displaying where the least and the most amount of roads per person exist. These feature graphs might help planners, geographers, decision makers etc. for improving their understandings regarding the network topology of the road network

The uneven geography of innovation in Turkey: Visualizing the geography and regional relatedness of patent production

Economic geography studies revealed that regional economies are heavily dependent on path-dependent network-based complexities. Innovation and technology are the key concepts for regional economic growth and the uneven geography of innovation is quite decisive for the regional stability of the countries. In this regard, the network topology of the regional relatedness of patent production is embedded on unequal population cartograms in order to better display the uneven geography of innovation in Turkey. The study reveals that the geography of the patent production has a dynamic pattern that it spreads from patent-producing hubs to their surrounding regions that have never produced. Besides, an increasing variety of classes indicates that new technologies are emerging in some regions. Istanbul covers almost 60% of the patent production of the country. There are around 10 industrialized secondary hub regions existing which the two out of them (Adana and Gaziantep, cities of the east closest to the West and Mediterranean zone) are located in eastern Turkey. Eastern regions have medium size connections with the western hub regions which they are attaching to existing major nodes

Mapping the topology of the air transport network in Turkey

Recent technological and philosophical research has revealed that almost everything around us is heavily dependent on network-based complexities. Airport network topologies are complex networks and their analyses are crucial regarding the fact that the evolution of airport network topology influences the economic growth of regions and countries. An equal population cartogram is derived displaying the distortion of the air transport network of Turkey in accordance with the uneven distribution of passengers. The regions between Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Antalya are shrunk by the force of higher population concentration. The shrinkage across the eastern regions is less than that in the western regions; still, the distortion of the regions is dominated by particular regional hubs

An analysis of urban form factors driving Urban Heat Island: the case of Izmir

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a common phenomenon in many cities across the world that has significant socioeconomic and environmental ramifications. Recognizing the significance of taking measures to mitigate the UHI effect, a vast body of research has been published, over the past few decades, on this topic. Existing research covers various climatic contexts and has significantly improved our understanding of the dynamics of the UHI. However, there is a lack of research on the potential linkages between the physical form of urban streets and the UHI effect. The results of such research can be used to develop planning and design strategies for achieving climate-resilient urban development. As a step toward filling this gap, in this study, we use a mixed-methods approach, involving graph theory and spatial statistics to examine the relationship between the UHI effect and selected urban form measures such as street network connectivity, street network centrality, and land-use in Izmir, Turkey. Results show that the UHI effect is more intense in areas with higher levels of street network centrality. On the contrary, higher connectivity of the urban street network is associated with lower levels of the UHI effect